Chapter 16 The Retroperitoneum

Question 1

Outer parenchyma of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones commonly called corticoids

Answer 1

cortex

Question 2

Portion of the pelvic cavity that is above the pelvic brim, bounded posteriorly by the lumbar vertebrae, laterally by the iliac fossae and iliacus muscles, and anteriorly by the lower anterior abdominal wall

Answer 2

false pelvis

Question 3

central tissue of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 3

medulla

Question 4

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland

Answer 4

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 5

An increase in the number of cells of a body part that results from an increased rate of cellular division

Answer 5

hyperplasia

Question 6

Condition caused by hyosecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Answer 6

Addison’s disease

Question 7

Malignant adrenal mass that is seen in pediatric patients

Answer 7

neuroblastoma

Question 8

Early embryonic tissue that will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord

Answer 8

neuroectodermal tissue

Question 9

Smooth, round, homogeneous benign tumor of the adrenal cortex associated with Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 9

adenoma

Question 10

Malignancy that primarily affects the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver

Answer 10

lymphoma

Question 11

Condition caused by hypersecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Answer 11

Cushing’s syndrome

Question 12

Any disorder characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

Answer 12

lymphadenopathy

Question 13

Benign adrenal tumor that secretes hormones that produce hypertension

Answer 13

pheochromocytoma

Question 14

The retroperitoneal space is the area between the posterior portion of the ________ and the _________ abdominal wall muscles.

Answer 14

parietal peritoneum, posterior

Question 15

The retroperitoneal space is subdivided into three spaces: the __________ space, the __________ space, and the ___________ space.

Answer 15

anterior pararenal,
perirenal,
posterior pararenal

Question 16

The ___________ space surrounds the kidney, adrenal, and perirenal fat.

Answer 16

perirenal

Question 17

The __________ space includes the duodenum, pancreas, and ascending and transverse colon.

Answer 17

anterior pararenal

Question 18

The __________ space includes the iliopsoas muscle, ureter, and branches of the inferior vena cava and their lymphatics.

Answer 18

posterior pararenal

Question 19

The right adrenal is more _________ to the kidney, shereas the left adrenal is more _______ to the kidney.

Answer 19

superior, medial

Question 20

The right renal artery crosses ________ to the crus and _______ to the inferior vena cava at the level of the right kidney.

Answer 20

anterior, posterior

Question 21

The ________ muscle, the fascia of which merges with the posterior transversalis fascia, makes up the medial border of this posterior space.

Answer 21

psoas

Question 22

The male sex hormones are __________, and the female sex hormones are _________.

Answer 22

androgens, estrogens

Question 23

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex in humans is called _________ disease.

Answer 23

Addison’s

Question 24

The steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex fall into the following three main categories: __________, ____________, and __________.

Answer 24

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

Question 25

____________ regulate electrolyte metabolism.

Answer 25

Mineralocorticoids

Question 26

The principal mineralocorticoid is ____________.

Answer 26

Aldosterone

Question 27

_____________ play a principal role in carbohydrate metabolism.

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids

Question 28

The primary glucocorticoids are __________ and _____________.

Answer 28

cortisone, hydrocortisone

Question 29

Adrenal tumors in women can promote secondary ___________ characteristics.

Answer 29

masculine

Question 30

The adrenal cortex is controlled by ___________ hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary.

Answer 30

adrenocorticotropic

Question 31

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines, sometimes referred to as ______________, that elevate the blood pressure.

Answer 31

catecholamines

Question 32

Describe the sonographic findings for the para-aortic lymph nodes.

Answer 32

Sonography patterns associate withe nodes include rounded, focal, echo-poor lesions ( 1 to 3 cm in size and larger), and confluent, echo-poor masses, which often displace the kidney laterally. The ultrasound may also detect a “mantle” of nodes in the paraspinal location, a “floating” or anteriorly displaced aorta secondary to the enlarges nodes or the mesenteric “sandwich” sign representing the anterior and posterior node masses surrounding mesenteric vessels.

Question 33

Explain how to distinguish enlarged lymph nodes from bowel.

Answer 33

Lymph nodes remain as consistent patterns, whereas the bowl and the duodenum present with changing peristaltic patterns on ultrasound. As gentle pressure is applied, the lymph nodes remain constant in shape, but the bowel is compressed and displaced.

Question 34

Adrenal hemorrhages are more common in neonates who experienced a traumatic delivery that included __________, __________, and ____________.

Answer 34

stress, asphyxia, septicemia

Question 35

The clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma include intermittent __________, severe _________, heart ___________, and excess perspiration.

Answer 35

hypertension, headaches, palpitations

Question 36

A _________ is a walled-off collection of extravasated urine that develops spontaneously after trauma, surgery, or a subacute or chronic urinary obstruction.

Answer 36

urinoma