Chapter 16 The Retroperitoneum Flashcards
Outer parenchyma of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones commonly called corticoids
cortex
Portion of the pelvic cavity that is above the pelvic brim, bounded posteriorly by the lumbar vertebrae, laterally by the iliac fossae and iliacus muscles, and anteriorly by the lower anterior abdominal wall
false pelvis
central tissue of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
medulla
hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
An increase in the number of cells of a body part that results from an increased rate of cellular division
hyperplasia
Condition caused by hyosecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease
Malignant adrenal mass that is seen in pediatric patients
neuroblastoma
Early embryonic tissue that will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord
neuroectodermal tissue
Smooth, round, homogeneous benign tumor of the adrenal cortex associated with Cushing’s syndrome
adenoma
Malignancy that primarily affects the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver
lymphoma
Condition caused by hypersecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
Cushing’s syndrome
Any disorder characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels
lymphadenopathy
Benign adrenal tumor that secretes hormones that produce hypertension
pheochromocytoma
The retroperitoneal space is the area between the posterior portion of the ________ and the _________ abdominal wall muscles.
parietal peritoneum, posterior
The retroperitoneal space is subdivided into three spaces: the __________ space, the __________ space, and the ___________ space.
anterior pararenal,
perirenal,
posterior pararenal
The ___________ space surrounds the kidney, adrenal, and perirenal fat.
perirenal
The __________ space includes the duodenum, pancreas, and ascending and transverse colon.
anterior pararenal
The __________ space includes the iliopsoas muscle, ureter, and branches of the inferior vena cava and their lymphatics.
posterior pararenal
The right adrenal is more _________ to the kidney, shereas the left adrenal is more _______ to the kidney.
superior, medial
The right renal artery crosses ________ to the crus and _______ to the inferior vena cava at the level of the right kidney.
anterior, posterior
The ________ muscle, the fascia of which merges with the posterior transversalis fascia, makes up the medial border of this posterior space.
psoas
The male sex hormones are __________, and the female sex hormones are _________.
androgens, estrogens
Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex in humans is called _________ disease.
Addison’s
The steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex fall into the following three main categories: __________, ____________, and __________.
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
____________ regulate electrolyte metabolism.
Mineralocorticoids
The principal mineralocorticoid is ____________.
Aldosterone
_____________ play a principal role in carbohydrate metabolism.
Glucocorticoids
The primary glucocorticoids are __________ and _____________.
cortisone, hydrocortisone
Adrenal tumors in women can promote secondary ___________ characteristics.
masculine
The adrenal cortex is controlled by ___________ hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary.
adrenocorticotropic
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines, sometimes referred to as ______________, that elevate the blood pressure.
catecholamines
Describe the sonographic findings for the para-aortic lymph nodes.
Sonography patterns associate withe nodes include rounded, focal, echo-poor lesions ( 1 to 3 cm in size and larger), and confluent, echo-poor masses, which often displace the kidney laterally. The ultrasound may also detect a “mantle” of nodes in the paraspinal location, a “floating” or anteriorly displaced aorta secondary to the enlarges nodes or the mesenteric “sandwich” sign representing the anterior and posterior node masses surrounding mesenteric vessels.
Explain how to distinguish enlarged lymph nodes from bowel.
Lymph nodes remain as consistent patterns, whereas the bowl and the duodenum present with changing peristaltic patterns on ultrasound. As gentle pressure is applied, the lymph nodes remain constant in shape, but the bowel is compressed and displaced.
Adrenal hemorrhages are more common in neonates who experienced a traumatic delivery that included __________, __________, and ____________.
stress, asphyxia, septicemia
The clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma include intermittent __________, severe _________, heart ___________, and excess perspiration.
hypertension, headaches, palpitations
A _________ is a walled-off collection of extravasated urine that develops spontaneously after trauma, surgery, or a subacute or chronic urinary obstruction.
urinoma
