Chapter 12 Pancreas

Question 1

The pancreas is both a digestive (__________) and a hormonal (___________)

Answer 1

exocrine, endocrine

Question 2

Failure of the pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to __________.

Answer 2

diabetes mellitus

Question 3

Exocine functions is perfomed by _______of the pancreas.

Answer 3

acini cells

Question 4

The ____________ is a muscle surrounding the ampulla of Vater that relaxes to allow pancreatic juice and bile to empty into the duodenum.

Answer 4

sphincter of Oddi

Question 5

The endocirne function is located in the __________ in the pancreas.

Answer 5

Islets of Langerhans

Question 6

The beta cells are most prevalent and produce ______, a hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver.

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

Alpha cells produce ___________, a hormone that causes the cells to release glucose to meet the engery needs of the body.

Answer 7

glucagon

Question 8

Delta cells are the smallest composition of endocrine tissue and produce ___________.

Answer 8

somatostatin

Question 9

There are specific enzymes of the pancreas that may become altered in pancreatic disease, namely __________ and __________.

Answer 9

amylase, lipase

Question 10

Both amylase and lipase rise at the same rate, but the elevation in ________ concentration persists for a longer period in the pancreatitis.

Answer 10

lipase

Question 11

__________ controls the blood sugar level in the body.

Answer 11

Glucose

Question 12

Explain how fat influences the echogenicity of the pancreas on ultrasound.

Answer 12

Fat is echogenic. The parenchymal texture of the pancreas depends on the amount of fat between the lobules and to a lesser extent on the interlobular fibrous tissue. The internal echos the the pancreas consist of closely spaced elements of the same intensity with uniform distribution throughout the gland.

Question 13

Describe the water technique used to image the pancreas with ultrasound.

Answer 13

Initial scans of biliary system should be made before asking patient to drink 32 to 300 mL of fluid through a straw. Fluid fills the duodenal cap to outline the lateral margin of the head of the pancreas. The upright position allows the air to move from the astric atrum to the fundus of the stomach and causes the upper viscera to move downward for a better sonographic window.

Question 14

Patients with acute pancreatitis may develop complications, such as _______, _________ , ___________ , _________ and ___________.

Answer 14

pseudocyst, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, duodenal obstruction

Question 15

Necrosisof the blood vessels results in the development of hemorrhagic areas referred to as ____________ sign.

Answer 15

Grey Turner’s

Question 16

An inflammatory process that speads along facial pathways, causing localized areas of diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissue, is known as ________,

Answer 16

phlegmon

Question 17

The __________ become obstucted with a buildup of protein plugs with resultant calcifications along the duct in ________ pancreatitis.

Answer 17

pancreatic ducts, chronic

Question 18

Describe how a pseudocyst develops.

Answer 18

The pancreatic enzymes that escape the ductual system cause enzymatic digestion of surrounding tissue and pseudocyst development. The walls of the pseudocyst form various potenital spaces in which escaped pancreatic enzymens are found. The pseudocyst usually presents few symptoms until it becomes large enough to cause pressure on surrounding organs.

Question 19

The most common location of a pseudocyst is in the __________, anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach.

Answer 19

lesser sac