Chapter 12 Pancreas Flashcards
The pancreas is both a digestive (__________) and a hormonal (___________)
exocrine, endocrine
Failure of the pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to __________.
diabetes mellitus
Exocine functions is perfomed by _______of the pancreas.
acini cells
The ____________ is a muscle surrounding the ampulla of Vater that relaxes to allow pancreatic juice and bile to empty into the duodenum.
sphincter of Oddi
The endocirne function is located in the __________ in the pancreas.
Islets of Langerhans
The beta cells are most prevalent and produce ______, a hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver.
insulin
Alpha cells produce ___________, a hormone that causes the cells to release glucose to meet the engery needs of the body.
glucagon
Delta cells are the smallest composition of endocrine tissue and produce ___________.
somatostatin
There are specific enzymes of the pancreas that may become altered in pancreatic disease, namely __________ and __________.
amylase, lipase
Both amylase and lipase rise at the same rate, but the elevation in ________ concentration persists for a longer period in the pancreatitis.
lipase
__________ controls the blood sugar level in the body.
Glucose
Explain how fat influences the echogenicity of the pancreas on ultrasound.
Fat is echogenic. The parenchymal texture of the pancreas depends on the amount of fat between the lobules and to a lesser extent on the interlobular fibrous tissue. The internal echos the the pancreas consist of closely spaced elements of the same intensity with uniform distribution throughout the gland.
Describe the water technique used to image the pancreas with ultrasound.
Initial scans of biliary system should be made before asking patient to drink 32 to 300 mL of fluid through a straw. Fluid fills the duodenal cap to outline the lateral margin of the head of the pancreas. The upright position allows the air to move from the astric atrum to the fundus of the stomach and causes the upper viscera to move downward for a better sonographic window.
Patients with acute pancreatitis may develop complications, such as _______, _________ , ___________ , _________ and ___________.
pseudocyst, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, duodenal obstruction
Necrosisof the blood vessels results in the development of hemorrhagic areas referred to as ____________ sign.
Grey Turner’s
An inflammatory process that speads along facial pathways, causing localized areas of diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissue, is known as ________,
phlegmon
The __________ become obstucted with a buildup of protein plugs with resultant calcifications along the duct in ________ pancreatitis.
pancreatic ducts, chronic
Describe how a pseudocyst develops.
The pancreatic enzymes that escape the ductual system cause enzymatic digestion of surrounding tissue and pseudocyst development. The walls of the pseudocyst form various potenital spaces in which escaped pancreatic enzymens are found. The pseudocyst usually presents few symptoms until it becomes large enough to cause pressure on surrounding organs.
The most common location of a pseudocyst is in the __________, anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach.
lesser sac
