Chapter 16: The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards
What is the medical term for hiccups?
singultus
p. 453 of Principles of Human Physiology
Hiccups are a _______ ___________ of the diaphragm, the muscle of inspiration. During a hiccup, air rapidly enters a person’s lungs and then rapidly stop as the glottis closes, producing the characteristic sound “hiccup”.
spastic contraction
p. 453 of Principles of Human Physiology
Why may pregnant women have hiccups more frequently?
Due to the pressure the fetus puts on the diaphragm.
p. 453 of Principles of Human Physiology
Some of the folk cures for hiccups are based on physiology of the respiratory system. Holding your breath, breathing into a paper bag, and standing on one’s head and drinking water, all have the potential to inhibit the ______ _______ for hiccups.
neural pathway
p. 453 of Principles of Human Physiology
Our cells produce most of the ATP that they need through the process of _______ ____________, which requires oxygen.
oxidative phosphorylation
p. 454
What is the difference between internal respiration and external respiration?
Internal respiration is also called cellular respiration, and refers to the use of oxygen within mitochondria, and the production of CO2 as a waste product. External respiration refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and body tissues, which involves both the respiratory and circulatory systems.
(p. 454)
External respiration encompasses 4 processes:
(1) pulmonary ventilation, the movement of air into the lungs (inspiration) and out of the lungs (expiration) by bulk flow
(2) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lung air spaces and blood __ __________
(3) transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood
(4) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues __ _________
by diffusion
by diffusion
(p. 454)
In addition to respiration, the respiratory system also performs a number of other functions, including:
(1) contributing to the regulation of acid-base balance in the blood
(2) enabling ____________
(3) participating in defense against pathogens and foreign particles in the airways
(4) providing a route for water and heat losses (via the expiration of air that was moistened and warmed during inspiration)
(5) enhancing ______ ______ (through the respiratory pump)
(6) activating certain ______ ________ as they pass through the pulmonary circulation
vocalization
venous return
plasma proteins
(p. 454)
The term upper airways refers to air passages in the…
…head and neck.
p. 455
What is the pharynx?
A muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for both air and food.
p. 455
The respiratory tract can be functionally divided into what 2 zones?
conducting zone and respiratory zone
p. 455
What does the conducting zone of the respiratory tract do?
conducts air from the larynx to the lungs
p. 455
What does occurs in the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract?
gas exchange
p. 455
The opening to the larynx is called the _______, and is covered by a flap of tissue called the __________.
glottis
epiglottis
p. 455
The trachea is a tube about ___ cm in diameter and __ cm long that runs ________ _____ and ________ to the esophagus. Unlike the esophagus, which is collapsed except during swallowing, the trachea stays open because the front and sides of its wall contain __-__ C-shaped bands of cartilage that provide structural rigidity. The absence of this cartilage on the posterior wall of the trachea allows the esophagus behind it to ______ with the passage of food.
2.5 cm 10 cm parallel with anterior 15-20 expand
p. 456
The inner diameter of the.... larynx is approximately \_\_ to \_\_ mm trachea is \_\_ to \_\_ mm primary bronchi is \_\_ to \_\_ mm secondary bronchi is \_\_ to \_\_ mm tertiary bronchi is \_\_ to \_\_ mm smaller bronchi is \_\_ to \_\_ mm bronchioles is \_\_ to \_\_ mm terminal bronchioles is \_\_\_ mm respiratory bronchioles is \_\_\_ mm alveolar sacs is \_\_ mm
larynx, 35 - 45 mm trachea, 20 - 35 mm primary bronchi, 12 - 16 mm secondary bronchi, 10 - 12 mm tertiary bronchi, 8 - 10 mm smaller bronchi, 1 - 8 mm bronchioles, 0.5 - 1 mm terminal bronchioles, <0.5 mm respiratory bronchioles, <0.5 mm alveolar sacs, 0.3 mm
p. 457
Clinical application:
Based on what you know about the size of the various airways of the lungs, what is the smallest type of airway which a bronchoscope can get into?
smaller bronchi
Most adult bronchoscopes are approx 5 - 6 mm in width. The smaller bronchi measure 1 - 8 mm in diameter, so theoretically, a bronchoscope could fit in the larger of these airways.
[“The role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of airway disease” (Paradis et al., 2016)]
The conducting zone holds approximately ___ ml of air and is considered “____ _____” because the air does not participate in ___ ________ with blood.
150 ml
dead space
gas exchange
p. 457
The alveolar sacs contain no _____, ______ _____, _________, or smooth muscle.
cilia, goblet cells, cartilage
p. 457
Like the trachea, the bronchi contain cartilage; however, the cartilage forms rings around the entire circumference of the bronchus. Within each lung, the bronchi divide into secondary bronchi; ___ secondary bronchi conduct air to the lobes of the right lung, and ___ secondary bronchi conduct air to the lobes of the left lung. The cartilage in the secondary bronchi is less abundant than that in the primary bronchi and occurs as ______.
three
two
plates
p. 457
The amount of cilia, goblet cells, and cartilage ________ as you move from the larynx to the trachea, to the bronchi to the bronchioles, and finally to the alveolar sacs (which have none of these). There is no smooth muscle in the larynx, and only a little bit in the trachea, however, the amount increases as you move toward the terminal bronchioles which contain a lot of smooth muscle. There is then a small amount in the respiratory bronchioles, and none in the alveolar sacs.
decreases
p. 457
Goblet cells secrete a viscous fluid called mucus, which coats the airways and traps foreign particles. The cilia beat in a whiplike fashion to propel the mucus containing the trapped particles up toward the glottis and then into the pharynx. This function is known as the _____ ________ prevents mucus from accumulating in the airways and clears trapped foreign matter. Accumulation of mucus in the airways increases the likelihood of infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia because it promotes retention and growth of bacteria. Because cilia are easily paralyzed by tobacco smoke, smoking disables the mucus escalator, so that mucus and trapped debris accumulate in the airways and be cleared only by coughing; this is one reason for the familiar “smoker’s cough”. At levels below the bronchioles, __________ _____ called macrophages engulf foreign matter in the interstitial space and on the surface of the epithelium.
mucus escalator
phagocytic cells
p. 458
In addition to changes in the epithelium, other tissue changes occur as the airways become smaller. As previously noted, _________ is plentiful in the walls of the trachea and bronchi, but it becomes less abundant as the diameter of the bronchi decreases, until in the bronchioles it is completely absent. Smooth muscle is sparse in the trachea and bronchi but increases in abundance as the airways become smaller. The lack of cartilage and the presence of ________ ______ ______ within the bronchioles enable these airways to change their diameter; such changes alter the resistance to air flow.
cartilage
circular smooth muscle
p. 458
As we saw before, the rate at which substances diffuse across a membrane increases as membrane _______ ____ increases and as ________ ________ decreases. The arrangement of structures in the respiratory zone, maximizes surface area and minimizes thickness, such that the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood is facilitated.
surface area
membrane thickness
p. 459
