Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology Flashcards
Although over ___ distinguishable kinds of cells are present in the body, there are only 4 major types of cells. What are they?
200
- neurons
- muscle cells
- epithelial cells
- connective tissue cells
(remember N-M-E-C, now my eggs crack)
(p. 3)
While this section classifies types of cells based on functional differences, there are other more rigorous ways to classify cells based on __________ distinctions and _____________ origins.
anatomical
embryological
(p. 3)
Neurons are specialized to ________ information in the form of __________ _______.
transmit
electrical signals
(p. 3)
Muscle cells or muscle fibers are specialized to ________, thereby __________ __________ force and movement.
contract
generating mechanical
(p. 3)
Epithelial cells are found in tissues called epithelia (singular: __________), which consist of a continuous, _________ layer of cells in combination with a thin underlying layer of ___________ material called a ________ membrane.
epithelium
sheetlike
noncellular
basement
(p. 4)
In all types of epithelia, cells are joined closely together to form a _______ that prevents material on one side of the epithelium from mixing freely with material on the other side.
barrier
p. 4
Epithelia are found wherever body fluids must be kept separate from the ________ ___________.
external enviroment
p. 4
Some epithelial cells form ______, organs specialized in the synthesis and secretion of a product.
glands
p. 4
The 2 types of glands are:
exocrine and endocrine
p. 4
Exocrine glands secrete a product into…
…a duct leading to the external environment.
p. 4
Endocrine glands secrete ________, chemicals that communicate a message to cells of the body, into the bloodstream.
hormones
p. 4
The last of the 4 major groups of cells is connective tissue cells. This group is the most _______. This cell type includes _____ cells, ____ cells, ___ cells, and many other kinds of cells that seem unrelated.
diverse
blood
bone
fat
(p. 4)
The term connective tissue refers to any structure whose primary function is to provide ________ _______ for other structures or to ____ them together.
In a broader sense, the term connective tissue encompasses fluids such as the _____ and _____, which don’t provide physical support, but connect the body by providing avenues of communication.
physical support
link
blood, lymph
(p. 5)
In most cases, connective tissue consists of widely scattered cells embedded in a mass of non-cellular material called the _____________ ______, which contains a dense meshwork of proteins and other large molecules.
extracellular matrix
p. 5
Among the most important constituents of the extracellular matrix are the long, fibrous proteins elastin (which gives the tissue __________) and collagen (which gives the tissue _______ ________, the ability to resist stretching).
elasticity
tensile strength
(p. 5)
Many organs perform functions that are integral to more than one organ system. A prime example is the ________, which is part of both the ________ system and the _________ system.
gastrointestinal
endocrine
(p. 6)
The interior of the body and the body’s external environment are separated by a…
…single layer of epithelial tissue.
p. 6
The epithelial barrier includes not only the skin, but also the ______ of the _____, __ _____, and ______ tubules.
lining of the lungs
GI tract
kidney
(p. 6)
Most cells are not in direct contact with the blood, but are surrounded instead by a separate fluid that exchanges materials with the blood. Because this fluid constitutes the immediate environment of most of the body’s cells, it is called the ________ ___________. This term also applies to the fluid in the bloodstream that surrounds blood cells.
internal environment
p. 7
In order to live, cells must take in ______ and _________ from their surroundings and release ______ _______ and other _____ products into their surroundings.
oxygen, nutrients
carbon dioxide
waste
(p. 7)
Let’s describe the distribution of total body water in a 150 lb person (70 kg):
There are roughly __ L of total body water. This volume accounts for about __% of total body weight.
__ L of that is intracellular fluid, and __ L of that is extracellular fluid.
The extracellular fluid includes 2 components: ____________ fluid, and the ______, which is the ___________ portion of the blood.
42 L
60%
28 L, 14 L
interstitial, plasma
noncellular
(p. 9)
Describe how a negative feedback system works.
If a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease, and vice versa.
Like cruise control in a car, most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms make adjustments only when they detect a difference between the actual value of the regulated variable and normal “desired” value, called the ___ _____. Any difference between the actual value and the set point constitutes an _____ ______.
set point
error signal
Animals that can regulate their body temperature within a fairly normal range are said to be ____________. Those that lack this ability are called ______________.
homeothermic
poikilothermic
(p. 12)
By what 3 mechanisms does heat loss from the human body generally occur?
radiation
conduction
evaporation
(p. 13)
In radiation, thermal energy is transferred from the body to the environment in the form of _______________ _____. It is a general law of physics that all objects ____ and ______ these waves, though to varying degrees.
electromagnetic waves
emit
absorb
(p. 13)
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that are…
…in direct contact with each other.
p. 13
Name and describe one other mechanism by which the body can lose heat.
Convection is the transfer of heat by moving gas or liquid. This accounts for the heat lost from the body when standing outside on a windy day.
(p. 13)
As long as the temperature of the body’s environment is within a narrow range called the _____________ ____, which is between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius (77 - 86 degrees Fahrenheit), alteration of _____ ____ to the ____ is usually sufficient to adjust the core temperature to normal.
thermoneutral zone
blood flow to the skin
(p. 13)
Fever does not result from failure of the thermoregulatory system. Rather, it results from a resetting the of set point that causes the system to raise the body’s temperature in a controlled fashion. Fever is most often triggered in response to a bacterial or viral infection, which stimulates white blood cells to ____________ ___ _______ __________ which act on the thermoregulatory centers in the brain to increase the set point, and therefore, act as ________, or fever-inducers.
proliferate and secrete substances
pyrogens
(p. 15)
People participating in a marathon can increase their energy expenditure by __-fold or more
15
p. 16
The upward spiral of exercise training can be described as small increments of ______ and ____________ resulting from each exercise session, followed by ________________ during recovery. This overcompensation leads to an _______ condition with higher physical and functional capacity than the previous condition.
strain and debilitation
overcompensation
adapted
(p. 17)
