Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, Integration 2 Flashcards
Sensation
conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment
Perception
conscious awareness and interpretation of sesations primarily a function of the cerebral cortex
Receptor/Sense organ
specialized cell or the dendrites of a sensory neuron
Exteroceptor
stimulus = external environment (hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain) at or near external surface of the body
Interoceptor/Visceroceptor
stimulus = not consciously perceived; pain or pressure blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and nervous system
Proprioceptor
stimulus = body position, muscle length, and tension muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear
Mechanoreceptor
stimulus = touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch skin, ears, muscles, joints
Thermoreceptor
stimulus = change in temperature skin, hypothalamus
Nociceptor
stimulus = damage to tissue numerous locations in body “pain” slowly adapting receptor
Photoreceptor
stimulus = light only in eyes
Chemoreceptor
stimulus = chemicals nose, tongue, hypothalamus, stomach
cutaneous sensations
somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin surface
tactile sensations
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
touch
stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer
hair root plexuses
rapidly adapting touch receptors found in hairy skin consist of free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles
pressure sensations
sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch occurs with deformation of deeper tissues
Ruffini corpuscles
- slowly adapting tacticle (touch) receptor
- sensation: stretching of skin
free nerve ending
- bare dendrites
- receptors for pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations
tactile discs
- slowly adapting tacticle (touch) receptors
- sensations: touch and pressure
corpuscles of touch
- rapidly adapting tacticle receptors
- sensations: touch, pressure, and slow vibrations
lamellated corpuscles
- rapidly adapting pressure receptor
- sensations: pressure and fast vibrations
somatic pain
skin, muscles, joints, tendons, fascia
superficial somatic pain
skin
deep somatic pain
muscles, joints, tendons, fascia
visceral pain
- from visceral (internal) organs
- bowel blockage, kidney stone, gall stones, etc
referred pain
- visceral pain projected to a particular part of the skin or body
- projected incorrectly
fast (acute) pain
- “acute”, “sharp”, “pricking”
- closer to surface (not felt in deep tissues) knife cut, pin prick, paper cut, skin burn, etc.
slow (chronic) pain
- “throbbing”, “aching”, “burning” or “chronic”
- may be excruciating felt in both skin and deep tissues toothache, skin bruise, etc.
phantom pain
- projection of pain coming from amputated limb
- “psychological” pain
analgesia
pain relief
general anesthesia
induction of a state of unconsciousness with the absence of pain sensation over the entire body, through the administration of anesthetic drugs
spinal anesthesia
- regional anesthesia by injection of a local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord.
- loss of sensation due to a spinal lesion.
muscle spindles
- slowly adapting (propreioceptors) sensory nerve endings
- sensations: muscle length
tendon organs
- slowly adapting proprioceptors
- sensations: muscle tension slowly adapting receptor
joint kinesthetic receptors
- rapidly adapting proprioceptors
- sensations: joint position and movement rapidly adapting receptor
first-order neurons
conduct impulses from the somatic receptors (PNS) into the brain stem or spinal cord (CNS)
second-order neurons
conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus
third-order neurons
conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side
learning
ability to acquire new information or skills though instruction or experience
engram
a hypothetical neurophysiologic storage unit in the cerebrum that is the source of a particular memory
short-term memory
temporary ability to recall a few pieces of information for seconds to minutes
long-term memory
information in short-term memory may later be transformed into a more permanent type of memory
amnesia
lack or loss of memory
circadian rhythm
humans sleep and awaken in a 24-hour cycle
reticular activating system
- a portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex
- when this area of the brain stem is active
- nerve impulses pass to the thalamus and widespread areas of the cerebral coretex
- results in generalized alertness or arousal from sleep
- nerve impulses pass to the thalamus and widespread areas of the cerebral coretex
consciousness
state of wakefulness
coma
state of unconsciousness in which a person’s responses to stimuli are reduced or absent
NREM sleep
- Non-Rapid Eye Movement
- 4 gradually merging stages
- transition
- light sleep
- moderately deep sleep
- deep sleep
REM sleep
- Rapid Eye Movement under closed eyelids
syphilis
- STD
- caused by bacteria
- third state cause dibillitating neurological symptoms
narcolepsy
condition in which REM sleep cannot be inhibited during waking periods
insomnia
difficulty in falling asslep and staying asleep
sleep apnea
disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 or more seconds while sleeping
paralysis
complete loss of strength in an affected limb or muscle group
cerebral palsy
- nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture caused by abnormal development of, or damage to, motor control centers of the brain
- cause physical disability
Parkinson disease
- uncontrollable shaking and muscle rigidity
- dopamine-releasing neurons degenerates
Huntington disease
- inherited disorder
- loss of neurons that normally release GABA or acetylcholine
tremor
muscles of the upper limb may alternately contract and relax, causing it to shake
adaptation
generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus
afterimage
a visual sensation that continues after the stimulus ends. The image may appear in colors complementary to those of the stimulus.
projection
the act of perceiving an idea or thought as an objective reality.
