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Human A&P I > Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, Integration 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, Integration 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

conscious awareness and interpretation of sesations primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

Receptor/Sense organ

A

specialized cell or the dendrites of a sensory neuron

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4
Q

Exteroceptor

A

stimulus = external environment (hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain) at or near external surface of the body

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5
Q

Interoceptor/Visceroceptor

A

stimulus = not consciously perceived; pain or pressure blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and nervous system

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6
Q

Proprioceptor

A

stimulus = body position, muscle length, and tension muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

stimulus = touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch skin, ears, muscles, joints

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8
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

stimulus = change in temperature skin, hypothalamus

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9
Q

Nociceptor

A

stimulus = damage to tissue numerous locations in body “pain” slowly adapting receptor

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10
Q

Photoreceptor

A

stimulus = light only in eyes

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11
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

stimulus = chemicals nose, tongue, hypothalamus, stomach

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12
Q

cutaneous sensations

A

somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin surface

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13
Q

tactile sensations

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

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14
Q

touch

A

stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer

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15
Q

hair root plexuses

A

rapidly adapting touch receptors found in hairy skin consist of free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles

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16
Q

pressure sensations

A

sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch occurs with deformation of deeper tissues

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17
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A
  • slowly adapting tacticle (touch) receptor
  • sensation: stretching of skin
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18
Q

free nerve ending

A
  • bare dendrites
  • receptors for pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations
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19
Q

tactile discs

A
  • slowly adapting tacticle (touch) receptors
  • sensations: touch and pressure
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20
Q

corpuscles of touch

A
  • rapidly adapting tacticle receptors
  • sensations: touch, pressure, and slow vibrations
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21
Q

lamellated corpuscles

A
  • rapidly adapting pressure receptor
  • sensations: pressure and fast vibrations
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22
Q

somatic pain

A

skin, muscles, joints, tendons, fascia

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23
Q

superficial somatic pain

A

skin

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24
Q

deep somatic pain

A

muscles, joints, tendons, fascia

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25
Q

visceral pain

A
  • from visceral (internal) organs
  • bowel blockage, kidney stone, gall stones, etc
26
Q

referred pain

A
  • visceral pain projected to a particular part of the skin or body
  • projected incorrectly
27
Q

fast (acute) pain

A
  • “acute”, “sharp”, “pricking”
  • closer to surface (not felt in deep tissues) knife cut, pin prick, paper cut, skin burn, etc.
28
Q

slow (chronic) pain

A
  • “throbbing”, “aching”, “burning” or “chronic”
  • may be excruciating felt in both skin and deep tissues toothache, skin bruise, etc.
29
Q

phantom pain

A
  • projection of pain coming from amputated limb
  • “psychological” pain
30
Q

analgesia

A

pain relief

31
Q

general anesthesia

A

induction of a state of unconsciousness with the absence of pain sensation over the entire body, through the administration of anesthetic drugs

32
Q

spinal anesthesia

A
  1. regional anesthesia by injection of a local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord.
  2. loss of sensation due to a spinal lesion.
33
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • slowly adapting (propreioceptors) sensory nerve endings
  • sensations: muscle length
34
Q

tendon organs

A
  • slowly adapting proprioceptors
  • sensations: muscle tension slowly adapting receptor
35
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A
  • rapidly adapting proprioceptors
  • sensations: joint position and movement rapidly adapting receptor
36
Q

first-order neurons

A

conduct impulses from the somatic receptors (PNS) into the brain stem or spinal cord (CNS)

37
Q

second-order neurons

A

conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus

38
Q

third-order neurons

A

conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side

39
Q

learning

A

ability to acquire new information or skills though instruction or experience

40
Q

engram

A

a hypothetical neurophysiologic storage unit in the cerebrum that is the source of a particular memory

41
Q

short-term memory

A

temporary ability to recall a few pieces of information for seconds to minutes

42
Q

long-term memory

A

information in short-term memory may later be transformed into a more permanent type of memory

43
Q

amnesia

A

lack or loss of memory

44
Q

circadian rhythm

A

humans sleep and awaken in a 24-hour cycle

45
Q

reticular activating system

A
  • a portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex
  • when this area of the brain stem is active
    • nerve impulses pass to the thalamus and widespread areas of the cerebral coretex
      • results in generalized alertness or arousal from sleep
46
Q

consciousness

A

state of wakefulness

47
Q

coma

A

state of unconsciousness in which a person’s responses to stimuli are reduced or absent

48
Q

NREM sleep

A
  • Non-Rapid Eye Movement
  • 4 gradually merging stages
    1. transition
    2. light sleep
    3. moderately deep sleep
    4. deep sleep
49
Q

REM sleep

A
  • Rapid Eye Movement under closed eyelids
50
Q

syphilis

A
  • STD
  • caused by bacteria
  • third state cause dibillitating neurological symptoms
51
Q

narcolepsy

A

condition in which REM sleep cannot be inhibited during waking periods

52
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asslep and staying asleep

53
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 or more seconds while sleeping

54
Q

paralysis

A

complete loss of strength in an affected limb or muscle group

55
Q

cerebral palsy

A
  • nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture caused by abnormal development of, or damage to, motor control centers of the brain
  • cause physical disability
56
Q

Parkinson disease

A
  • uncontrollable shaking and muscle rigidity
  • dopamine-releasing neurons degenerates
57
Q

Huntington disease

A
  • inherited disorder
  • loss of neurons that normally release GABA or acetylcholine
58
Q

tremor

A

muscles of the upper limb may alternately contract and relax, causing it to shake

59
Q

adaptation

A

generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus

60
Q

afterimage

A

a visual sensation that continues after the stimulus ends. The image may appear in colors complementary to those of the stimulus.

61
Q

projection

A

the act of perceiving an idea or thought as an objective reality.

Human A&P I (3 decks)

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