Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, Integration 2

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

conscious awareness and interpretation of sesations primarily a function of the cerebral cortex

Question 3

Receptor/Sense organ

Answer 3

specialized cell or the dendrites of a sensory neuron

Question 4

Exteroceptor

Answer 4

stimulus = external environment (hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain) at or near external surface of the body

Question 5

Interoceptor/Visceroceptor

Answer 5

stimulus = not consciously perceived; pain or pressure blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and nervous system

Question 6

Proprioceptor

Answer 6

stimulus = body position, muscle length, and tension muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear

Question 7

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 7

stimulus = touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch skin, ears, muscles, joints

Question 8

Thermoreceptor

Answer 8

stimulus = change in temperature skin, hypothalamus

Question 9

Nociceptor

Answer 9

stimulus = damage to tissue numerous locations in body “pain” slowly adapting receptor

Question 10

Photoreceptor

Answer 10

stimulus = light only in eyes

Question 11

Chemoreceptor

Answer 11

stimulus = chemicals nose, tongue, hypothalamus, stomach

Question 12

cutaneous sensations

Answer 12

somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin surface

Question 13

tactile sensations

Answer 13

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

Question 14

touch

Answer 14

stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer

Question 15

hair root plexuses

Answer 15

rapidly adapting touch receptors found in hairy skin consist of free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles

Question 16

pressure sensations

Answer 16

sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch occurs with deformation of deeper tissues

Question 17

Ruffini corpuscles

Answer 17

• slowly adapting tacticle (touch) receptor
• sensation: stretching of skin

Question 18

free nerve ending

Answer 18

• bare dendrites
• receptors for pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations

Question 19

tactile discs

Answer 19

• slowly adapting tacticle (touch) receptors
• sensations: touch and pressure

Question 20

corpuscles of touch

Answer 20

• rapidly adapting tacticle receptors
• sensations: touch, pressure, and slow vibrations

Question 21

lamellated corpuscles

Answer 21

• rapidly adapting pressure receptor
• sensations: pressure and fast vibrations

Question 22

somatic pain

Answer 22

skin, muscles, joints, tendons, fascia

Question 23

superficial somatic pain

Answer 23

skin

Question 24

deep somatic pain

Answer 24

muscles, joints, tendons, fascia

Question 25

visceral pain

Answer 25

* from visceral (internal) organs * bowel blockage, kidney stone, gall stones, etc

Question 26

referred pain

Answer 26

* visceral pain projected to a particular part of the skin or body * projected incorrectly

Question 27

fast (acute) pain

Answer 27

* "acute", "sharp", "pricking" * closer to surface (not felt in deep tissues) knife cut, pin prick, paper cut, skin burn, etc.

Question 28

slow (chronic) pain

Answer 28

* "throbbing", "aching", "burning" or "chronic" * may be excruciating felt in both skin and deep tissues toothache, skin bruise, etc.

Question 29

phantom pain

Answer 29

* projection of pain coming from amputated limb * "psychological" pain

Question 30

analgesia

Answer 30

pain relief

Question 31

general anesthesia

Answer 31

induction of a state of unconsciousness with the absence of pain sensation over the entire body, through the administration of anesthetic drugs

Question 32

spinal anesthesia

Answer 32

1. regional anesthesia by injection of a local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord. 2. loss of sensation due to a spinal lesion.

Question 33

muscle spindles

Answer 33

* slowly adapting (propreioceptors) sensory nerve endings * sensations: muscle length

Question 34

tendon organs

Answer 34

* slowly adapting proprioceptors * sensations: muscle tension slowly adapting receptor

Question 35

joint kinesthetic receptors

Answer 35

* rapidly adapting proprioceptors * sensations: joint position and movement rapidly adapting receptor

Question 36

first-order neurons

Answer 36

conduct impulses from the somatic receptors (PNS) into the brain stem or spinal cord (CNS)

Question 37

second-order neurons

Answer 37

conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus

Question 38

third-order neurons

Answer 38

conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side

Question 39

learning

Answer 39

ability to acquire new information or skills though instruction or experience

Question 40

engram

Answer 40

a hypothetical neurophysiologic storage unit in the cerebrum that is the source of a particular memory

Question 41

short-term memory

Answer 41

temporary ability to recall a few pieces of information for seconds to minutes

Question 42

long-term memory

Answer 42

information in short-term memory may later be transformed into a more permanent type of memory

Question 43

amnesia

Answer 43

lack or loss of memory

Question 44

circadian rhythm

Answer 44

humans sleep and awaken in a 24-hour cycle

Question 45

reticular activating system

Answer 45

* a portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex * when this area of the brain stem is active * nerve impulses pass to the thalamus and widespread areas of the cerebral coretex * results in generalized alertness or arousal from sleep

Question 46

consciousness

Answer 46

state of wakefulness

Question 47

coma

Answer 47

state of unconsciousness in which a person's responses to stimuli are reduced or absent

Question 48

NREM sleep

Answer 48

* Non-Rapid Eye Movement * 4 gradually merging stages 1. transition 2. light sleep 3. moderately deep sleep 4. deep sleep

Question 49

REM sleep

Answer 49

* Rapid Eye Movement under closed eyelids

Question 50

syphilis

Answer 50

* STD * caused by bacteria * third state cause dibillitating neurological symptoms

Question 51

narcolepsy

Answer 51

condition in which REM sleep cannot be inhibited during waking periods

Question 52

insomnia

Answer 52

difficulty in falling asslep and staying asleep

Question 53

sleep apnea

Answer 53

disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 or more seconds while sleeping

Question 54

paralysis

Answer 54

complete loss of strength in an affected limb or muscle group

Question 55

cerebral palsy

Answer 55

* nonprogressive disorders of movement and posture caused by abnormal development of, or damage to, motor control centers of the brain * cause physical disability

Question 56

Parkinson disease

Answer 56

* uncontrollable shaking and muscle rigidity * dopamine-releasing neurons degenerates

Question 57

Huntington disease

Answer 57

* inherited disorder * loss of neurons that normally release GABA or acetylcholine

Question 58

tremor

Answer 58

muscles of the upper limb may alternately contract and relax, causing it to shake

Question 59

adaptation

Answer 59

generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus

Question 60

afterimage

Answer 60

a visual sensation that continues after the stimulus ends. The image may appear in colors complementary to those of the stimulus.

Question 61

projection

Answer 61

the act of perceiving an idea or thought as an objective reality.