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Chapter 16-Respiratory Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the P in “PASTE”

A

Progression

Did the problem start suddenly or get worse overtime?

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2
Q

What is the A in “PASTE”

A

Associated Chest Pain

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3
Q

What is the S in “PASTE”

A

Sputum

Has the patient been coughing up sputum?

Mucus like sputum can mean a respiratory infection, pink frothy sputum can mean fluid in lungs.

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4
Q

What is the T in “PASTE”

A

Talking Tiredness

How much distress the patient is having.

Ask the patient to repeat a sentence and see how many words he can say without taking a breath.

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5
Q

What is the E in “PASTE”

A

Exercise tolerance

Ask the patient what he or she was able to do before the problem started, and then ask if the patient can still do it.

Exercise tolerance will decrease as the breathing problem and hypoxia decrease.

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6
Q

Asthma- Description & Signs/Symptoms

A

Acute spasm of the bronchioles associated with excessive mucus production.
-Wheezing
-Bronchospasm’s

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7
Q

Anaphylaxis- Description & Signs/Symptoms

A

Severe allergic reaction characterized by airway swelling and dilation of blood vessels.
-Flushed Skin/ Hives
-Generalized Edema
-Hypotension
-Wheezing

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8
Q

Bronchiolitis Signs & Symptoms

A

Is a respiratory illness that usually occurs due to RSV infection, severe inflammation of the bronchioles.
-Shortness of breath
-Wheezing
-Coughing
-Fever
-Tachypnea
-TachyCardia

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9
Q

Bronchitis

A

Ongoing irritation of the trachea and bronchi. (COPD)
-Chronic Cough w/ Sputum Production
-Wheezing
-Cyanosis
-Tachypnea

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10
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Disease of the heart Characterized by shortness of breath, edema, and weakness.
-Dependent- Lower Extremity Edema
-Crackles (pulmonary edema)
-Orthopnea- Difficulty breathing while laying down
-Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea- shortness of breath that awakens patient

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11
Q

Common Cold

A

-Cough
-Runny nose
-Sore throat

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12
Q

Covid-19

A

Transmitted by air born particles
-Cough
-Chest Pain
-Fever
-Inability to smell
-dyspnea
-

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13
Q

Croup

A

Caused by inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
Ages 6 months and 3 years.
-Fever
-Barking Cough
-Stridor

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14
Q

Diphtheria Signs & symptoms

A

Serious infection caused by coryncbacterium
-Difficulty breathing and swallowing
-Sore throat
-Thick gray build up in throat/nose
-Fever

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15
Q

Emphysema Signs & Symptoms

A

COPD- loss of elastic material in the lungs.
-Barrel Chest
-Pursed Lip Breathing
-Dyspnea
-Cyanosis
-Wheezing

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16
Q

Epiglotitis

A

Bacterial caused, life threatening disease of the inflammation of the epiglottis.
-Dyspnea
-High fever
-Stridor
-Drooling
-Difficulty swallowing
-Severe sore throat
-tripod position

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17
Q

Influenza type A

A

Animal disease that has mutated to infect humans. (H1N1 Strain)
-Cough
-Fever
-Sore throat
-Fatigue

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18
Q

Pertussis

A

Airborne bacterial infection that primarily affects children younger than 6 years
-Coughing Spells
-“Whooping” Sound
-Fever

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19
Q

Pneumonia Signs & Symptoms

A

Infections of the lungs bacterial or viral. Causes fluid build up. Often a secoondary cause
-Dyspnea
-Chills/Fever
-Cough
-Green,red, rust color sputum
-Localized wheezing or crackles

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20
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Partial or complete accumulation of air into the plueral space. Most often caused by trauma.
-Sudden chest pain with dyspnea
-decreased breath sounds-mainly one side
-Subcutaneous emphysema (air under the skin)

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21
Q

Pulmonary Embolus

A

Anything in the circulatory system that moves from its point of origin to a distant site and lodges there, obstructing blood flow,
-Sudden Blockage of arteries
-Dyspnea
-Sharp Chest Pain
-Tachycardia

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22
Q

Tension Pneumothorax

A

Partial or complete accumulation of air into the pleural space.
-air trapped in pleura space
-Severe Shortness of Breath
-Absent breath sounds on one side
-decreased LOC
-Neck vein distention

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23
Q

RSV

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus - Common infection in the lungs. Can lead to pneumonia or bronchitis.
-Cough
-Wheezing
-Fever
-Dehydration

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24
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacterial Infection caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis, spreads by cough, resistant to antibiotics.
-Cough
-Fever
-Fatigue
-Bloody Sputum

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25
Comparative Description of COPD and CHF
COPD Slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli due to chronic obstruction of the bronchi. Usually in long-term smokers Congestive Heart Failure Disease of the heart characterized by shortness of breath, edema, and weakness.
26
Patho differences of COPD and CHF
COPD Emphysema- - Destruction of the airways - decreased ability to oxygenate blood -lower cardiac output -hyperventilation Chronic Bronchitis- -Excessive mucus production -decreasing ventilation with increased cardiac output -hypoxemia -increased carbon dioxide retention CHF -Damaged ventricles, failure of heart to pump -Enlarged left ventricle -Back up of fluid into the lungs and body -
27
Signs/symptoms of COPD (emphysema and Bronchitis) and CHF
COPD -use of accessory muscles Emphysema: -Barrel Chest -Pursed lips breathing -Tripod Chronic Bronchitis -May be obese -difficult with expiration
28
Breath Sounds for COPD and CHF
COPD Rhonchi, Weezing CHF Crackles, Weezing
29
Skin Color Comparison for COPD and CHF
COPD Pink in emphysema Blue in chronic bronchitis CHF Cyanotic
30
Circulation comparison for COPD and CHF
COPD No Dependent Edema CHF Dependent Edema
31
Comparison of Medications for COPD and CHF
COPD Bronchodilators, oxygen, steroids CHF Diuretics, antihypertensives
32
Diseases associated with Wheezes
Asthma Anaphylaxis Bronchitis CHF COPD Pneumonia
33
Diseases associated with Rhonchi
Bronchitis COPD Pneumonia
34
Crackles
CHF Pneumonia
35
Stridor
Croup Epiglottitis
36
Decreased or absent breath sounds
Asthma COPD Pneumonia Hemothorax Pneumothorax Atelectasis
37
Signs of normal breathing
Normal Rate: 12-20 breaths Regular Pattern Clear and equal breath sounds Regular and equal chest rise Good depth Unlabored
38
Acidosis
Excess acid in the blood or tissues
39
Adventitious breath sounds
Abnormal breath sounds: Wheezing, Stridor, Rhonchi, and Crackles
40
Alkalosis
Excess base in the body
41
Allergen
Substance that causes an allergic reaction
42
Anaphylaxis
Extreme, life threatening, systemic allergic reaction, may include shock and respiratory failure.
43
Asthma
Acute spasm of bronchioles, excess mucus production.
44
Atelectasis
Collapse of alveoli’s in the lungs
45
Bronchial breath sounds
Normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi
46
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles usually occurs in children younger than 2 years.
47
Bronchitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue, cough sputum, and sometimes fever.
48
Carbon Dioxide Retention
Condition of high levels of CO2, to where the body doesn’t respond to high levels of CO2 anymore.
49
Carbon Monoxide
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, and highly poisonous.
50
Chronic Bronchitis
Irritation of the major lung passages from long term exposure to a disease or smoke.
51
COPD
Characterized by chronic obstructions of airflow that interferes with normal breathing. Umbrella term for emphysema and chronic bronchitis
52
CPAP
A method of ventilation used for patients in respiratory distress, can prevent the need for intubation.
53
Covid-19
A respiratory disease caused by the SARS-COV-2.
54
Crackles
Crackle, or rattling breathing sounds caused by fluid in the air spaces of the lungs.
55
Croup
A viral inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system (pharynx, larynx, and trachea) may cause obstruction, usually seen in children.
56
Diphtheria
Infectious disease pseudo membrane forms, lining the pharynx, can obstruct air into the larynx.
57
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath
58
Embolus
A blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that moves from its origin to a vessel and causes blockage of blood flow.
59
Emphysema
A disease of the lung with extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. COPD
60
Epiglotitis
A bacterial infection, inflammation of the epiglottis and may cause an upper airway obstruction.
61
Hay fever
Seasonal Allergies, response to outdoor allergens such as pollen or indoor like dust mites or pet hair.
62
Hyperventilation
Rapid, usually deep breathing that lowers the blood CO2 level.
63
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Ventilations may be as high as 40 shallow breaths per minute or as low as 20 breath per minute. This syndrome is often associated with panic attacks.
64
Hypoxia
A dangerous condition in which the body cells and tissue do not get enough oxygen.
65
Hypoxic drive
A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen stimulate the respiratory drive, seen in patients with chronic lung disease.
66
Influenza Type A
Virus that crossed the animal/human barrier, reaching a pandemic level with H1N1 strain.
67
Metered Dose Inhaler
Spray Canister used to direct medications from the mouth into the lungs.
68
Orthopnea
Severe dyspnea experienced when laying down and relieved by sitting up
69
Oxygenation
The process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation.
70
Pandemic
Outbreak that occurs on a global scale
71
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Severe shortness of breath, especially at night after several hours of reclining.
72
Pertussis (whooping cough)
An airborne bacterial infection that affects children younger than 6. Patients will be feverish and exhibit a “whoop” sound on inspiration after coughing, highly contagious.
73
Pleural effusion
Collection of fluid between the lungs and chest wall.
74
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath. Often caused by inflammation of the pleura.
75
Pneumonia
Infectious disease of the lung that causes damage to lung tissue.
76
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas into the pleural cavity.
77
Pulmonary edema
A buildup of fluid in the lungs, often as a result of CHF.
78
Pulmonary Embolism
Blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to a vessel causing obstruction
79
Respiration
The process of exchanging oxygen with carbon dioxide.
80
RSV
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Virus that causes an infection in the lungs, can lead to other serious illnesses such as Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia. Highly contagious and spread through droplets.
81
Rhonchi
Coarse, low pitch breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the upper airways.
82
Small Volume Nebulizer
Respiratory device that turns liquid medicine into a fine mist. Inhales medication into airways and lungs for conditions such as asthma.
83
Stridor
A harsh, high pitched respiratory sound, heard during inspiration that is caused by blockage of the upperairway
84
Tuberculosis
Contagious Disease that attacks the lungs, may be resistant to antibiotics and can remain dormant in a person for decades and reactivate.
85
Ventilation
Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment
86
Vascular breath sounds
Normal breath sounds made by air moving in and out of the alveoli.
87
Wheezing
A high pitched, whistling sounds that is more prominent in exhalation Suggestions obstruction of the lowerairway.

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