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PSYC 375 > Chapter 16 - Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is clinical depression characterized by (6)?

A 
Unhappy mood
Pessimism
Restless agitation
Lack of concentration
Loss of energy and interest
Changes in sleep patterns, appetite, weight
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2
Q

Clinical depression affects what % of the population?

A

13-20% (at one time or another)

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3
Q

What % of depressed patients commit suicide? What % is this of all suicides?

A

15%, 80%

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4
Q

What is the % concordance of depression in monozygotic twins? Dizygotic twins?

A

60%, 20%

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5
Q

In functional imagining (PET), what is observed with patients with depression?

A

Increased blood flow to frontal cortex and amygdala

Decreased blood flow to posterior temporal lobe and anterior cingulate

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6
Q

[Neurochemistry] What is depression associated with?

A

Decreased activity at monoamine synopsis (5HT and NE)?

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7
Q

Antidepressants (increase/decrease) monoamine synapses?

A

Increase

Prevent breakdown, prevent re-uptake

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8
Q

In suicide victims, what is observed?

A

Low 5-HT levels in brain

Variant of the 5-HT2A receptor

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9
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy? What does it do?

A

Induces large scale seizure

Rapidly reverses severe depresses by enhancing monoamine neurotransmission

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10
Q

What do antidepressant treatments increase?

A

Neurogenesis in the hippocampus

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11
Q

Does latency match therapeutic lag for antidepressant treatments?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Does latency match therapeutic lag for antidepressant treatments?

A

Yes

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13
Q

When you block neurogenesis, what is also blocked?

A

The behavioural effects of antidepressants

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14
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome involves high levels of what?

A

Circulating glucocorticoids

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15
Q

True or false? People with depression have higher cortisol levels than other people.

A

True

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16
Q

What is dexamethasone?

A

Synthetic corticoid

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17
Q

What does dexamethasone prevent?

A

Normal morning rise in ACTH, and therefore of cortisol

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the dexamethasone Suppression Test?

A

Relieve depression

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test?

A

Diagnose Cushing syndrome

Relieve depression

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20
Q

How are sleep patterns different in depressed patients (3)?

A

Insomnia
Decrease in slow wave sleep
Decreased REM latency

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21
Q

What happens in patients with bipolar depression?

A

Alternation between depressed and manic moods

22
Q

What characterizes mania?

A

Over-activeness
Talkative increased energy
Strange grandiosity

23
Q

Between the different states in bipolar depression, what is observed in the brain?

A

Functional differences

24
Q

Patients with bipolar depression have (larger/smaller) ventricles?

A

Larger

25
Q

What is used to treat patients with bipolar depression?

A

Lithium

26
Q

What is used to treat patients with bipolar depression?

A

Lithium

27
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A

Depression that hits every winter

28
Q

What is linked to seasonal affective disorder?

A

Lack of sunlight exposure during the winter (indoor lighting insufficient)

29
Q

What are the causes of of seasonal affective disorder?

A

Circadian

Hormonal

30
Q

What are potential treatments for seasonal affective disorder?

A

Lengthening of the “day”

Vitamin D

31
Q

What characterizes an anxiety disorder?

A

Overwhelming intensity
Irrational fear
Intense physiological reaction (e.g. dizziness, trembling)
Unpredictable

32
Q

How can panic attacks be triggered in those with a history?

A

Exercise

Injection of lactic acid

33
Q

How does the injection of lactic acid trigger attack in those who suffer from panic disorders?

A

Activate norepinephrine cells in locus coerulus

34
Q

With respect to neuroanatomy, what abnormalities are observed in patients with panic disorders?

A

Smaller temporal lobe volume

Lesions, dilation of lateral ventricles

35
Q

There is a (positive/negative) correlation between # of abnormalities and # of attacks/age of onset.

A

Positive

36
Q

There is a (positive/negative) correlation between # of abnormalities and # of attacks/age of onset.

A

Positive

37
Q

Which circuit are panic disorders likely to affect?

A

Fear (amygdala)

38
Q

Using functional imaging, what was observed in patients with panic disorders?

A

Increased activity in parahippocampal area

Lower activity in anterior temporal lobes and amygdala

39
Q

What do patients with panic disorders often self-medicate themselves with?

A

Alcohol, opiates, barbiturate

40
Q

What is the most effective/most prescribed drug for panic disorders?

A

Benzodiazepines (Vallium)

41
Q

How do benzodiazepines act?

A

Act at GABA(A) synapses, enhance GABA activity

42
Q

What has been observed of 5HIAA levels in CSF of panic disorder patients?

A

Elevated levels

43
Q

What type of agnostic can induce panic attacks?

A

Serotonin

44
Q

What type of receptors are less numerous in panic attack patients?

A

5HT(1A) receptors

(Raphe, cingulate

45
Q

What type of receptors are less numerous in panic attack patients?

A

5HT(1A) receptors

Raphe, cingulate

46
Q

What agonists can reduce panic disorder symptoms?

A

SSRIs and some 5HT1A agonists

47
Q

What characterizes obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A

Pathological orderliness
Compulsions - tasks repeated
Obsessions - recurrent thoughts

48
Q

OCD often co-occurs with which mood disorder?

A

Depression

49
Q

Like depression, OCD patients also show (increased/decreased) REM latency?

A

Decreased

50
Q

PET scans of OCD patients reveal what?

A

High metabolic activity in orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate, caudate nucleus

51
Q

What type of treatment is particularly effective against OCD and what does this suggest?

A

SSRI

Suggests serotonergic cause

PSYC 375 (4 decks)

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