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Biology A level section 6 > Chapter 16 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

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2
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Condition of uncontrolled blood glucose concentration.

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3
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.

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4
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Elevated blood glucose levels after eating.

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5
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Dangerously low blood glucose levels.

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6
Q

Insulin therapy

A

Treatment involving regular insulin injections.

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7
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.

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8
Q

Obesity

A

Excess body weight linked to Type II diabetes.

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9
Q

Colorimetry

A

Technique to measure glucose concentration in solutions.

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10
Q

Benedict’s reagent

A

Chemical used to test for glucose presence.

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11
Q

Calibration curve

A

Graph correlating absorbance with glucose concentration.

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12
Q

Serial dilution

A

Method to create solutions of decreasing concentration.

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13
Q

Glucose tolerance test

A

Test to assess body’s glucose handling ability.

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14
Q

Absorbance

A

Measurement of light absorbed by a solution.

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15
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Pancreatic cells that produce insulin.

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16
Q

Insulin receptors

A

Cell membrane proteins that bind insulin.

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17
Q

Dietary recommendations

A

Guidelines for healthy eating to prevent diabetes.

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18
Q

Glucose concentration

A

Normal level around 90 mg per 100 cm³ blood.

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19
Q

Health problems

A

Complications from uncontrolled diabetes, like kidney failure.

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20
Q

Exercise

A

Activity that lowers blood glucose levels post-meal.

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21
Q

Artificial sweeteners

A

Sugar substitutes potentially linked to weight gain.

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22
Q

NHS Change4Life

A

Campaign promoting healthier lifestyles to reduce diabetes.

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23
Q

Viral infection

A

Possible trigger for Type I diabetes onset.

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24
Q

Glucose-lowering medication

A

Drugs to help manage Type II diabetes.

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25
Q

Blood glucose monitoring

A

Regular checks to maintain glucose levels.

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26
Q

Dietary fiber

A

Component of whole grains aiding glucose control.

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27
Q

Nutritional labeling

A

Information on food packaging for healthier choices.

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28
Q

Junk food advertising

A

Promotion of unhealthy foods, especially to children.

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29
Q

Kidney failure

A

Severe complication of uncontrolled diabetes affecting kidneys.

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30
Q

Blood Glucose Concentration

A

Amount of glucose in the bloodstream.

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31
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

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32
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.

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33
Q

Beta Cells

A

Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.

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34
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.

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35
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Formation of glycogen from glucose.

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36
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

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37
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates.

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38
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells that regulate glucose levels.

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39
Q

GLUT4

A

Glucose transporter in muscle cells.

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40
Q

Second Messenger

A

Intracellular signal activated by hormones.

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41
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Second messenger activating protein kinase A.

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42
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

Process that maintains stable blood glucose levels.

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43
Q

Adrenaline

A

Hormone that increases blood glucose during stress.

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44
Q

Protein Kinase A

A

Enzyme activated by cAMP for glycogenolysis.

45
Q

Enzyme Activity

A

Rate of biochemical reactions in cells.

46
Q

Optimum Temperature

A

Temperature for maximum enzyme activity, ~37°C.

47
Q

Optimum pH

A

pH for maximum enzyme activity, usually ~7.

48
Q

Respiration

A

Process of converting glucose into energy.

49
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Proteins that facilitate glucose transport across membranes.

50
Q

Energy Source

A

Stored glycogen used for cellular energy.

51
Q

Hormonal Response

A

Slower response than nervous impulses.

52
Q

Blood pH

A

Acidity or alkalinity of blood affecting enzymes.

53
Q

Water Potential

A

Likelihood of water molecules diffusing in/out.

54
Q

Metabolic Reactions

A

Chemical processes maintaining life in cells.

55
Q

Stress Response

A

Physiological changes triggered by stress.

56
Q

Osmosis

A

Water movement across a semi-permeable membrane.

57
Q

Homeostatic Systems

A

Involve receptors, communication, and effectors.

58
Q

Receptors

A

Detect high or low levels in the body.

59
Q

Effectors

A

Respond to restore normal levels.

60
Q

Body Temperature Regulation

A

Maintained within 0.5 °C of 37 °C.

61
Q

Multiple Negative Feedback Mechanisms

A

Provide greater control over internal changes.

62
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

Amplifies changes away from normal levels.

63
Q

Hypothermia

A

Low body temperature below 35 °C.

64
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Filtering substances from blood in kidneys.

65
Q

Selective Reabsorption

A

Reabsorbing useful substances back into blood.

66
Q

Nephrons

A

Functional units of the kidneys.

67
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

A

Site for active transport of glucose.

68
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Part of nephron involved in water reabsorption.

69
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A

Final site for selective reabsorption.

70
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase surface area for reabsorption in PCT.

71
Q

Osmosis in Kidneys

A

Water moves from filtrate to blood.

72
Q

Urine Composition

A

Contains water, urea, salts, hormones.

73
Q

Renal Artery

A

Supplies blood to the kidneys.

74
Q

Glomerular Filtrate

A

Fluid filtered from blood in kidneys.

75
Q

Capillary Network

A

Surrounds nephron tubules for reabsorption.

76
Q

Blood Clotting

A

Positive feedback mechanism for injury response.

77
Q

Negative Feedback Example

A

Body temperature regulation during heat.

78
Q

Positive Feedback Example

A

Amplification during blood clot formation.

79
Q

Kidney Functions

A

Excrete waste and regulate water potential.

80
Q

Urine Formation

A

Process of filtering and reabsorbing substances.

81
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

Carries blood away from glomerulus.

82
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

Brings blood into the glomerulus.

83
Q

Arterioles

A

Small blood vessels branching from arteries.

84
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary bundle within Bowman’s capsule.

85
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Hollow structure surrounding the glomerulus.

86
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Carries filtered blood away from glomerulus.

87
Q

High pressure

A

Caused by smaller diameter of efferent arteriole.

88
Q

Glomerular filtrate

A

Liquid and small molecules entering Bowman’s capsule.

89
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney.

90
Q

Reabsorption

A

Process of reclaiming useful substances from filtrate.

91
Q

Collecting duct

A

Final part of nephron where urine collects.

92
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulation of water potential in blood.

93
Q

Water potential

A

Measure of water concentration in blood.

94
Q

Descending limb

A

Part of Loop of Henle permeable to water.

95
Q

Ascending limb

A

Part of Loop of Henle impermeable to water.

96
Q

Sodium ions

A

Ions actively transported to create osmotic gradient.

97
Q

ADH

A

Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.

98
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Cells detecting blood water potential changes.

99
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain region regulating thirst and ADH release.

100
Q

Concentrated urine

A

Produced when more water is reabsorbed.

101
Q

Dilute urine

A

Produced when less water is reabsorbed.

102
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate, typically 6300 cm³/hour.

103
Q

Reabsorption rate

A

Calculated based on glucose concentration and GFR.

104
Q

Basement membrane

A

Layer filtering larger molecules in kidneys.

105
Q

Collecting duct permeability

A

Controlled by ADH to regulate water reabsorption.

106
Q

Filtrate concentration

A

Increases as water is reabsorbed in nephron.

107
Q

Medulla

A

Inner kidney layer where Loop of Henle is located.

108
Q

Capillary network

A

Surrounds nephron for substance exchange.

Biology A level section 6 (4 decks)

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