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Bio 111 > Chapter 16: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Gene Expression Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of cell contains the full genome of an organism

A

Each somatic cell they have

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2
Q

How does regulation benefit organisms?

A

Regulation means efficiency, and because all genes do not need to go under gene expression it helps save energy, space, and time

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3
Q

prokaryotic gene regulation

What is an operon?

A

Proteins with similar function or in the same biochemical pathway are organized in blocks, which are called operons

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4
Q

Operons are regulated by three molecule types, what are the called?

A

Repressors, Activators, Inducers

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5
Q

What does a repressor do?

A

suppress transcription

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6
Q

What does an activator do?

A

increase transcription

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7
Q

What does an inducer do?

A

they may suppress or activate transcription based on the needs of the cell

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8
Q

What happens in a repressible operon (trp operon)

A

Binding of a specific repressor protein activated by a corepressor shuts off transcription (the repressor is innately inactive)

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9
Q

What happens in an inducible operon (lac operon)

A

Binding of an inducer molecule to an innately active repressor inactivates the repressor and allows transcription (repressor innately active)

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10
Q

In the trp Operon, when tryptophan is present, what happens?

A

The trp repressor binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked

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11
Q

Where do the two tryptophan molecules bind too?

A

They bind to the repressor protein at the operator sequence

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12
Q

What does the complex stop the RNA polymerase from doing?

A

It physically blocks the RNA polymerase from transcribing the tryptophan genes by binding to the operator

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13
Q

In the trp Operon, when there is an absence of tryptophan, what happens?

A

The repressor dissociates from the operator; and DNA synthesis proceeds

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14
Q

Now that the tryptophan is absent, what does the repressor protein do?

A

The repressor protein now cannot bind to the operator

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15
Q

There is no repressor protein on the operator so what does the RNA polymerase do?

A

The RNA polymerase can access the operator and the genes are transcribed

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16
Q

What are negative regulators?

A

Proteins that bind to the operator slience trp expression

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17
Q

In the lac operon, what happens in the absence of lactose?

A

The lac repressor binds the operator; transcription is blocked

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18
Q

In the lac operon, in the presence of lactose what happens?

A

The lac repressor is released from the operator, and transcription proceeds at a slow rate

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19
Q

in inducible operons, what is activation/repression based on?

A

It depends on the local environment and the needs of the cell

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20
Q

What is Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP)

A

An activator regulator

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21
Q

What does CAP do in the absence of cAMP?

A

CAP does not bind to the promoter, and transcription occurs at a slow rate

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22
Q

What does CAP do in the presence of cAMP

A

CAP binds to the promoterand increases RNA polymerase activity

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23
Q

What happens when glucose supplies become limited in the lac operon?

A
  1. cAMP levels increase
  2. cAMP binds to the CAP protein (a positive regulator)
  3. cAMP/CAP protein complex binds to an operator region upstream of the genes required to use other sugar sources
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24
Q

What are positive regulators?

A

Proteins that bind the promoter in order to activate gene expression

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25
Q

What does the cAMP-CAP protein complex do?

A

It stimulates RNA polymerase activity and increases RNA synthesis

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26
Q

When the repressor is bound to the operator is RNA synthesis still blocked?

A

Yes, even in the presence of cAMP-CAP protein complex.

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27
Q

What are the different eukaryotic gene regulation stages?

A

Epigenetic stage, Transcriptional stage, Post-Transcriptional stage, Translational stage, Post-Translational stage

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28
Q

What happens in the epigenetic stage?

A

Chemical modification during DNA processing

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29
Q

What happens in the transcriptional stage?

A

initation and rate regulation

30
Q

What happens in the Post-Transcriptional stage?

A

alternative splicing

31
Q

Translational stage

A

initiation regulation

32
Q

What happens in the Post-Translational stage?

A

protein modification

33
Q

Another way to describe what transcription factors are is?

A

Proteins that control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA

34
Q

Organzation of DNA and Proteins

A

DNA is folded around histone proteins to create nucleosome complexes

These nucleosomes control the access of proteins to the underlying DNA

35
Q

Histone proteins and DNA nucleotides can be modified chemically, what do the modifications affect?

A

The modifications affect nucleosome spacing and gene expression

36
Q

What does unwinding and opening of DNA allow?

A

It allows transcription factors to bind promoters and other upstream regions and initiate transcription

37
Q

What happens when nucleosomes are closely together?

A

Transcription factors cannot bind and gene expression is turned off

38
Q

What happens when nucleosomes are spaced far apart?

A

The DNA is exposed, which lets transcription factors bind to it, and further lets gene expression occur

39
Q

What causes nucleosomes to be close to each other?

A

Methylation

40
Q

What causes nucleosomes to be spaced far apart?

A

Histone Acetylation

41
Q

Chemical tags are added to histones and DNA, what are these tags called?

A

Phosphate, methyl, and acetyl groups serve as these tags

42
Q

What do these chemical tags do?

A

They act as signals to tell histones if region of chromosome should be opened or closed

Tags are not permenant, can be added or removed

43
Q

Epigenetic regulation

A

“around genetics” temporary changes to nuclear proteins and DNA that do not alter nucleotide sequences but do alter gene expression

44
Q

Describe a promoter

A

a region of DNA upstream of coding sequence (a few nucleotide to 100’s of nucleotides long)

45
Q

Describe a TATA box

A

A series of thymine and adenine dinucleotides within the promoter just upstream of the transcriptional start site

46
Q

What is distal CE?

A

Regulatory sequences of DNA that are found a great distance from the genes they help regulate

47
Q

What is proximal CE?

A

Regulatory sequences of DNA that are found close to promoters of the genes they help regulate

Bind specific activator or repressor proteins to affect the rate of transcription

48
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

Short regulatory sequence that promotes transcription by binding activator proteins

49
Q

What is a sliencer?

A

short regulatory sequences of DNA that decreases transcription by binding to repressor proteins

50
Q

What are enhancers made of?

A

They are made of short DNA sequences called distal control elements

51
Q

What do the activators so with these distal control elements?

A

They bind with the distal control elements and interact with mediator proteins and transciption factors

52
Q

What is something that enables differential gene expression?

A

Two different genes may have the same promoter, but different distal control elements, which enables differential gene expression

53
Q

What do DNA bending protein change

A

it changes the shape of DNA and properly orients enhancer region

54
Q

Before post-transcriptional modification what must RNA trancripts go through?

A

They must be processed into final form before translation can begin the post-transcriptional process

55
Q

What are the ways could alternative splicing have evolved?

A
  1. Splicing requires proper identification of introns.
  2. Errors in this process could lead to splicing out of an intervening exon.
  3. Usually would be deleterious to organism…
  4. But it could produce a protein variant without loss of original protein.
  5. New variant might have had an adaptive advantage.
56
Q

What does 5’ cap methylated guanosine triphosphate molecule (GTP) and Poly-A tail prevent?

A

It prevents degradation of transcript

57
Q

RNA-binding proteins at these UTRs influences the RNA stability which..?

A
  1. can increase or decrease the length of time mRNA is present in the cytoplasm
  2. They can also regulate mRNA localization and protein translation
57
Q

The protein coding region is flanked by?

A

5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTR)

58
Q

What are microRNAs (miRNAs)?

A

They are short RNA molecules (21-24 nucleotides) that recognizes a specific sequence of mRNA

59
Q

What do miRNAs associate with?

A

They associate with ribonucleoprotein complex called RNA-induced sliencing complex (RISC)

60
Q

What do RISC/miRNA degrade?

A

They bind to the and degrade the mRNA

61
Q

What is translation controlled by?

A

it is controlled by proteins that bind and initiate process (formation of initiation complex)

62
Q

What is the first protein to bind and form complex?

A

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2(eIF-2)

63
Q

What binds to eIF-2?

A

GTP binds and then this complex binds to 40S ribosomal subunit

64
Q

What binds to this complex (eIF-2,GTP,40S)?

A

The methionine initiator tRNA brings mRNA to bind to this complex

65
Q

Then, what is GTP converted to?

A

It is converted to GDP and energy is released

66
Q

Lastly, what occurs when phosphate and eIF-2 are released and 60S binds?

A

Translation occurs

67
Q

What happens when eIF-2 is phosphorylated?

A

Translation is blocked, no Translation

68
Q

What happens when eIF-2 is not phosphorylated?

A

Translation occurs

69
Q

Can proteins be chemically modified?

A

Yes!, chemical modifications affect protein activity.

70
Q

What do the chemical changes regulate?

A
  1. Protein activity
  2. Length of time they exist in cell
71
Q

What do the chemical changes alter?

A
  1. epigenetic accessibility
  2. transcription
  3. mRNA stability
  4. translation

all of these resulting in chnages in expression of various genes

Bio 111 (4 decks)

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