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MTAP1: AUBF > CHAPTER 16: FECAL ANALYSIS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 16: FECAL ANALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

Primary site for the final breakdown and reabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

A

small intestine

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2
Q

Digestive enzymes secreted into the small intestine by the pancreas

A

Trpysin
Chymotrypsin
Amino Peptidase
Lipase

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3
Q

Produced by the liver that aid in the digestion of fats

A

Bile salts

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4
Q

Note:

9000 mL ingested fluid enter DT
500-1500 mL reach Large Intestine
150 mL excreted in feces

A
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5
Q

The large intestine is capable of absorbing approximately 3,000 mL of water. What results to excess amount of water?

A

Diarrhea

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6
Q

Provides time for additional
water to be reabsorbed from the fecal material, producing small, hard stools

A

Constipation

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7
Q

Defined as an increase in daily stool weight above 200 g, increased liquidity of stools, and frequency of more than three times per day

A

Diarrhea

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8
Q

Diarrhea classification is based on
four factors, what are these?

A

Illness duration
Mechanism
Severity
Stool Characteristics

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9
Q

1) Diarrhea lasting more than 4 weeks
2) Diarrhea lasting less than 4 weeks

a. acute
b. chronic

A

1) Diarrhea lasting more than 4 weeks
- chronic

2) Diarrhea lasting less than 4 weeks
- acute

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10
Q

Major mechanisms that cause diarrhea

A

Secretory
Osmotic
Intestinal hypermotility

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11
Q

Bacterial, viral, and protozoan infections produce increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine, leading to ______________.

A

secretory diarrhea

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12
Q

What organisms can stimulate secretions of water and electrolytes?

A

Enterotoxin-producing organisms
a. E. coli
b. Clotridium
c. Vibrio chlorae
d. Salmonella & Shigella
e. Staphylococcus
f. Campylobacter

Protozoa

Parasites
a. Cryptosporidium

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13
Q

Caused by poor absorption whereby there is incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food presents increased fecal material to the large intestine, resulting in retention of water and electrolytes in the large intestine.

Excessively watery stool

A

Osmotic diarrhea

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14
Q

These contribute to osmotic diarrhea (2)

A

Maldigestion
Malabsorption

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15
Q

A functional disorder in which the nerves and muscles of the bowel are extra sensitive, causing cramping, bloating, flatus, diarrhea, and constipation

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

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16
Q

Increased fecal fat that is useful in diagnosing pancretic insufficiency and small-bowel disorders that cause malabsorption

A

Steatorrhea

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17
Q

Its absence produces an increase in stool fat

A

Bile salts

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18
Q

A sugar that does not need to be digested but does need to be absorbed to be present in the urine.

A

D-xylose

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19
Q

1) Low urine D-xylose
2) Normal D-xylose test

a. malabsorption
b. pancreatitis

A

1) Low urine D-xylose
- malabsorption

2) Normal D-xylose test
- pancreatitis

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20
Q

What intestinal infection is caused by malabsorption

A

G. lamblia

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21
Q

Often the first indication of GI disturbances

A

Changes in brown color and formed consistency

22
Q

The brown color of the feces results from intestinal oxidation of _____________ to _____________.

A

stercobilinogen to urobilin

23
Q

Significance of pale (acholic) stools

A

Blockage of bile duct
Diagnostic procedures that use barium sulfate

24
Q

In question: COLOR

Blood that originates from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum takes approximately 3 days to appear in the stool; during this time, degradation of hemoglobin produces the characteristic _________ stool

A

black, tarry stool

25
Q

In question: COLOR

Blood from the lower GI tract requires less time to appear and retains its _________ stool color.

A

Red

26
Q

In question: COLOR
Observed in patients taking oral antibiotics because of the oxidation of fecal bilirubin to biliverdin.

A

Green stool

27
Q

Indication of ribbon-like stools

A

obstruction of normal passage of material through the intestine

28
Q

Indication of pale stolls that appear bulky and frothy

A

Biliary obstruction
Steatorrhea

29
Q

Indication of the presence of mucos-coated stools

A

Intestinal inflammation or irritation

30
Q

1) Presence of leukocytes
2) Presence of undigested muscle fibers

a. microbial diarrhea
b. steatorrhea

A

1) Presence of leukocytes
- microbial diarrhea

2) Presence of undigested muscle fibers
- steatorrhea

31
Q

Neutrophil infiltration into the intestinal mucosa is a characteristic of

A

Ulcerative colitis
bacterial dysentery

32
Q

Bacteria that cause diarrhea by toxin production

A

Staphylococcus aurues
Vibrio spp.

33
Q

Stain for wet preparations known as a faster procedure

A

Methylene blue

34
Q

Used to stain dried smears

A

Wright’s; or
Gram stain

35
Q

A component of granulocyte secondary granules that indicates an invasive bacterial pathogen

A

lactoferrin

36
Q

A black tarry stool is indicative of:

A

Upper GI bleeding

37
Q

Stool specimens that appear ribbon-like are indicative of which condition?

A

Bile duc obstruction

38
Q

Routine stain for lipids

A

ORO and Sudan III

39
Q

Neutral fats are readily stained by Sudan III and appear as

A

large orange-red droplets

40
Q

This test has a high positive predictive value for detecting colorectal cancer in the early stages

A

Testing for occult blood

41
Q

The screening test used most frequently for fecal blood is the
_________________ based on detecting
the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

A

Guaiac-Based Fecal Occult Blood (gFOBT)

42
Q

How many samples should be testeed before a negative result is confirmed?

A

2 samples

43
Q

Specific for the globin portion of human hemoglobin and uses polyclonal antihuman hemoglobin antibodies

A

Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test (iFOBT)

44
Q

It is more sensitive to lower GI bleeding that could be an indicator of colon cancer

A

Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test (iFOBT)

45
Q

The test measures both intact hemoglobin and the hemoglobin that has been converted to porphyrins

A

Porphyrin-Based Fecal Occult Blood Test

46
Q

Confirmatory test for steatorrhea

A

Quantitative Fecal Fat Testing

47
Q

The method used routinely for fecal fat measurement

A

Van de Kamer titration

48
Q

A test to distinguish between the presence of fetal blood or maternal blood in an infant’s stool or vomitus

A

APT Test (Fetal hgb)

49
Q

Carbohydrates are seen in patients with this disease

A

celiac disease

50
Q

Normal stool pH

A

between 7 and 8

51
Q

A test on stools that can distinguish between diarrhea caused by abnormal excretion of reducing sugars and those caused by various viruses and parasites.

A

Clinitest

52
Q

Sugar not detecte by cliitest because it is not a reducing sugar

A

sucrose

MTAP1: AUBF (17 decks)

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