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Cognitive Neuroscience > Chapter 16: Executive Function > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Executive Function Flashcards

1
Q

Most of executive functions are associated with what region of the brain?

A

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

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2
Q

What are the two aspects of executive function that represent the highest levels of a taxonomy?

A
  1. Establishing rules and modifying rules for behavior
  2. Engaging the appropriate rule for a particular context (Contextual control)
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3
Q

Effective use of rules for behavior requires what 4 functions?

A

1a. Initiating new rules: that match stimuli to actions based on behavioral goals

1b. Inhibiting inappropriate rules: discarding rules that are not relevant to behavior

1c. Shifting among rules: functions that facilitate the transition from one rule for behavior to another more appropriate rule

1d. Relating rules: relating rules to each other to form higher-order contingencies for behavior

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4
Q

4 Functions/ Subsections within Rule Processing

A
  1. Initiating new rules
  2. Inhibiting inappropriate rules
  3. Shifting among rules
  4. Relating rules
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5
Q

Contextual Control functions include _______.

A

Monitoring

Monitoring the current state of the environment to guide engagement of other executive functions

-for example, if the environment is changing rapidly, then rules should be updated more frequently than would be the case in a stable environment

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6
Q

Three sorts of executive function

A
  1. Establishing and modifying rules
  2. Context-dependent engagement of control systems
  3. Working memory
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7
Q

All executive functions rely on capacity-limited short-term information stores called ________

A

working memory

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8
Q

Working memory enables _______ and ________ of rules.

A

maintenance and manipulation

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9
Q

“PFC is not a ______ region”

A

precise

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10
Q

The boundaries of PFC within the _____ lobe are poorly defined. Some researchers include ______ areas, while others do not. There is no gold standard.

A

Frontal lobe.

Some researchers include premotor areas

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11
Q

Miller and Cohen suggest that PFC serves to enforce rules that are _________________.

Provide example

A

PFC enforce rules that are appropriate to a given situation.

Ex: its okay to wipe food off your child’s mouth but not your Uber driver’s mouth

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12
Q

The PFC also manages ______ to the rules: it’s OK (even heroic) to grab a stranger’s arm and yank them- if they’re about to step in front of a bus.

A

exceptions

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13
Q

The prefrontal cortex is subdivided into two functional regions

A
  1. Lateral (away from midline)
  2. Medial (toward midline)
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14
Q

Lateral Prefrontal cortex includes which 3 structures

A

1.Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
2. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
3. Posterior parietal cortex

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15
Q

Medial PFC contains which 4 structures

A
  1. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
  2. Anterior cingulate gyrus
  3. Orbitofrontal gyrus
  4. ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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16
Q

Connectivity tracing studies reveal distinct ______ and _______ PFC networks, along with overlapping regions of shared connectivity.

A

lateral and medial

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17
Q

Lateral prefrontal cortex connects with 6 regions.

Lateral PFC networks support general purpose perceptual-_______________, _______, and __________.

A
  1. Supplementary motor cortex (SM)
  2. Premotor cortex (PM)
  3. Frontal eye fields (FEF)
  4. Parietal cortex (PC)
  5. Secondary visual cortex (V2)
  6. Secondary auditory cortex (A2)

perceptual-motor, preparatory, and goal monitoring

18
Q

Medial Prefrontal Cortex (Ventromedial PFC/Orbitofrontal cortex) connects with with 3 regions.

Medial PFC networks support: ________, _______ integration, and __________.

A
  1. Amygdala (Amy)
  2. Medial temporal lobe (MTL)
  3. Primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (S1/S2)

Emotion/ memory integration, and physical awareness.

19
Q

Both PFC regions (Lateral & Medial PFC) connect with 4 regions.

Both PFC networks depend on ______, _______.

A
  1. Thalamus (Tha)
  2. Basal Ganglia (BG)
  3. Anterior Cingulate cortex (ACC)
  4. Insular cortex (Ins)

Both depend on motor control and conflict monitoring

20
Q

Damage to Lateral PFC leads to lack of ______, ______, and _______.

Which syndrome does this lead to? Do individuals with this syndrome recognize their own deficits? What do they do if they are left alone?

A

action, initiative, and planning

Dysexecutive syndrome- they respond OK to questions, show a normal-ish IQ, but fail to prepare for the future, stick to task, or maintain attention for longer than a few moments.

If left alone, they sit down and don’t initiate any action at all.

They don’t recognize their own deficits, or relate to these behaviors in others. It doesn’t compute for them.

21
Q

Damage to which brain structures in Lateral PFC would lead to dysexecutive syndrome?

A

Damage to dorsolateral PFC, ventrolateral PFC, and/or posterior paritetal cortex

22
Q

Medial PFC damage is linked with ______.

Damage to which brain structures in medial PFC?

Leads to which syndrome?

Do they have any awareness of this?

A

excessive, impulsive action, without self awareness

Damage to dorsomedial PFC, anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial PFC, and orbitofrontal cortex.

Disinhibition syndrome– deficits in controlling aspects of behavior.
-Problems integrating emotional information into decision making processes.
-They are unaware of their inappropriate behavior, and appear manic, impulsive, and disorganized.

23
Q

Damage to lateral PFC leads to ______ syndrome. Patients lack _____, _____, and ______.

Damage to medial PFC leads to ______ syndrome. Patients appear ____, _____, and _____.

A

Lateral damage=> Dysexecutive syndrome -> lack action, initiative, and planning.

Medial Damage => Disinhibition syndrome -> manic, impulsive, and disorganized.

24
Q

Environmental Dependency Syndrome is caused by damage to which region?

A

Anterior Medial PFC
-farthest forward

25
Q

Anterior Medial PFC lesions can lead to bizarre behavior that is overly influenced by _______ cues. These “Environmental Dependency” patients primarily react to whatever is around them, without any appreciation of _____ rules.

A

Context cues

-lack appreciation for social rules

26
Q

Patients with damage to Anterior Medial PFC have incredible sensitivity to _____. They are triggered by ______ to engage. They have ______ need to do things around them. What syndrome do they have?

Ex: What would somebody with damage to their anterior medial PFC do when they see a blood pressure cuff and tongue depressor?

A

Incredible sensitivity to external cues.

-Triggered by anything in their environment
-Compulsive need to do things
-Environmental Dependency Syndrome (EDS)

-They would start examining their doctor.

27
Q

Dorsal Medial PFC (dmPFC) is linked to _________.

What is the common method of evoking rule conflict in the lab?

A

Conflict resolution/ Monitoring

-Juggling of multiple interacting rules (taxing task)

Way to study this in the lab= Stroop Task

28
Q

Relating and resolving conflicting rules is associated with a well functioning _____.

A

Dorsomedial PFC

29
Q

In a stroop test, colored characters are presented on the screen and the participant is asked to ignore the characters themselves and report only the font color. By increasing the incongruences (conflicting) between the words and font color, there is an increasing task conflict. This enhanced ________ activity.

On ERP studies, the extra burst of activity (negativity) is linked to the conflict and occurs around __________ms.

A

Dorsomedial PFC; 300-400ms

30
Q

Working memory involves the ______ and ___ of relevant information, along with the ______ if irrelevant information.

This is strongly linked to the ___________.

A

working memory: maintenance and manipulation of relevant info and exclusion of irrelevant info.

Strongly linked to dorsomedial pfc

31
Q

Two Models of Working Memory

A
  1. The Classic Baddeley Model of Working Memory
  2. The Cowan Model of Working Memory
32
Q

The Class Baddeley Model assumes ____ distinct subsets of working memory: ______, ______, and ______.

Each subset contains a _____ limit about _____ items.

A

3 distinct subsets of WM:
1. Language
2. Episodic Memory
3. Visual Semantics

Each subset contains a ‘Buffer’ limit of about 5-7 items.

33
Q

Which model of working memory does this example illustrate?

A subject can hold 6 language items in working memory, but no more. But, they can also maintain 5 visual scenes in working memory, without losing the 6 language items.

A

The Baddeley model of working memory.

34
Q

Describe the Classic Model of working memory: The Baddeley Model

A

Humans have a level of working memory capacity (why people need to write down stuff bc they can only hold so many things in working memory)

Can be divided into language, episodic memory, and visual semantics.

Phonological Based: Language (Have a max # of words)

Episodic Buffer (memory): can add this on top of language

Visuospatial sketchpad: visual semantics (can add these too)

They don’t interfere with each other and you can remember 5-7 in each category.

35
Q

fMRI scans (meta-analysis of 24)

A
36
Q

The Cowan Model proposed that working memory is organized into _____ embedded levels.

The first level of working memory consists of long-term memory representations in an “_____ state”.

Working memory is just the subset of generic _________ items (and conceptually associated items) that have been used in the last few ____.

A smaller subset of all the items in working memory are capable of being manipulated by the ___________ or “consciousness”

A

2 embedded levels.

First level of WM: activated state

Generic long-term memory items that have been used in last few minutes.

Smaller subset are manipulated by central executive or “consciousness”

37
Q

In Cowan’s Model, unlike Baddeley’s model, working memory representations for different types of information (verbal, visual, etc) are all held in the _____ long-term memory store rather than _____ working memory stores.

A

same; separate

38
Q

In a dynamic working memory task where a series of paired objects are presented and participants were tasked to decide of one of them matches the last set.

One or more rules must be applied to answer correctly. Some trials were easy and some were difficult.

Difficult trials STRONGLY activated _________.

A

Basal Ganglia

39
Q

Since the motor response is the same for both trial types of dynamic WM tasks, the added complexity of the task drives increased ______ activity, thus rule learning is not handles soley in the _______– the ___ makes a real contribution.

A

Increased basal ganglia activity. Rule learning is not handled soley in PFC and BG makes real contribution.

40
Q

There is good evidence for distinct ______________ networks that support “executive” functions within ____, ______, and _____ domains.

A

PFC-basal ganglia-thalamic networks support executive functions within motor, cognitive, and emotional domains.

Cognitive Neuroscience (7 decks)

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