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Medical Terminology > Chapter 16: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The endocrine system is composed of how many endocrine glands distributed throughout the body?

A

Seven

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2
Q

The seven endocrine glands are:

A

Pituitary, blood test that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood. A greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypothyroidism.cl, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, and thymus

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3
Q

The endocrine system’s function is to what?

A

Secrete hormones into the blood stream which regulate many specific body activities.

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4
Q

The hormones travel all throughout the body but only effect specific what?

A

Target cells

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5
Q

The endocrine glands are also called what glands and why?

A

Ductless glands because they do not have ducts to carry out their secretion

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6
Q

The pituitary gland is approximately the size of a what and is located at the base of the what?

A

Pea, brain

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7
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior lobes

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8
Q

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the what gland and why?

A

The master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands.

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9
Q

The pituitary gland is also called:

A

Hypophysis cerebri

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10
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also called:

A

Adenohypophysis

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11
Q

The anterior lobe has what function?

A

Produces and secretes the following hormones

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12
Q

The growth hormone does what?

A

Regulates the growth of the body

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13
Q

The adrenocorticotropic hormone does what?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex

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14
Q

The thyroid-stimulating hormone does what?

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland

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15
Q

The gonadotropic hormones do what?

A

Stimulates the gonads (testes and ovaries)

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16
Q

What are two gonadotropic hormones released from the adenohypophysis?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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17
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant

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18
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also called:

A

Neurohypophysis

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19
Q

The posterior lobe has what function?

A

Stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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20
Q

The antidiuretic hormone is also called:

A

Vasopressin

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21
Q

The antidiuretic hormone does what?

A

Stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels to help maintain blood pressure

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22
Q

Oxytocin does what?

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum, and milk let down by the breasts postpartum

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23
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

It is located superior to the pituitary gland in the brain.

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24
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Secretes “releasing” hormones that function to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones.

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25
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid gland

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26
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Located anteriorly in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus.

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27
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production.

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28
Q

What is necessary for body cell metabolism?

A

Thyroxine

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29
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Four small bodies embedded in the posterior aspect of the lobes of the thyroid gland.

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30
Q

What does the parathyroid glands secrete and what does that secretion do?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) which helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood by its effects on bone and kidneys.

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31
Q

Islets of Langerhans are located where?

A

Clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas

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32
Q

Islets of Langerhans do what?

A

Made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon.

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33
Q

Non-endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas produce enzymes that facilitate what?

A

Digestion

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34
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

Located superior to each kidney

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35
Q

What do adrenal glands do?

A

Paired glands that secrete the hormones cortisol, aldosterone, and epinephrine/norepinephrine.

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36
Q

The outer portion of the adrenal glands is called what? The inner portion?

A

Outer – Adrenal cortex
Inner – Adrenal medulla

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37
Q

What does the hormone cortisol do?

A

Aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy.

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38
Q

The hormone cortisol is also called:

A

Hydrocortisone

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39
Q

Aldosterone does what?

A

Regulates electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for normal body function

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40
Q

Epinephrine/norepinephrine is secreted by what?

A

The adrenal medulla

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41
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by what?

A

Adrenal cortex

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42
Q

Cortisol is secreted by what?

A

Adrenal cortex

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43
Q

Epinephrine/norepinephrine does what?

A

Hormones that help the body to deal with stress by increasing blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations.

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44
Q

Epinephrine is also called:

A

Adrenaline

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45
Q

Norepinephrine is also called:

A

Noradrenaline

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46
Q

Adren/o

A

Adrenal glands

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47
Q

Adrenal/o

A

Adrenal glands

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48
Q

Cortic/o

A

Cortex (outer layer of a body organ)

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49
Q

Endocrin/o

A

Endocrine

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50
Q

Parathyroid/o

A

Parathyroid glands

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51
Q

Pituitar/o

A

Pituitary gland

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52
Q

Thyroid/o

A

Thyroid gland

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53
Q

Acr/o

A

Extremities, height

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54
Q

Calc/i

A

Calcium

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55
Q

Dips/o

A

Thirst

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56
Q

Glyc/o

A

Sugar

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57
Q

Kal/i

A

Potassium

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58
Q

Natr/o

A

Sodium

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58
Q

Acromegaly

A

Enlargement of the extremities (and face due to increased soft tissue, bone, and cartilage; caused by excess production of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland after puberty)

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59
Q

Adrenalitis

A

Inflammation of the adrenal glands

60
Q

Adrenomegaly

A

Enlargement of (one or both) the adrenal glands

61
Q

Endocrinopathy

A

(Any) disease of the endocrine (system)

62
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excessive calcium in the blood

63
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Excessive sugar in the blood

64
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Excessive potassium in the blood

65
Q

Hyperparathyroidis

A

State of excessive parathyroid gland activity (resulting in hypercalcemia and leading to osteoporosis, as well as symptoms of muscle weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness)

66
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

State of excessive pituitary gland activity (Characterized by excessive secretion of pituitary hormones)

67
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

State of excessive thyroid gland activity (Characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones; symptoms and signs include tachycardia, weight loss, irritability, and heat intolerance)

68
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Deficient calcium in the blood

69
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Deficient sugar in the blood

70
Q

Hypokalcemia

A

Deficient potassium in the blood

71
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Deficient sodium in the blood

72
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

State of deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones, which can affect the function of the target endocrine gland)

73
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

State of deficient thyroid gland activity (characterized by decrease secretion of thyroid hormones; signs and symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance)

74
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

State of total deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of all the anterior pituitary hormones; this is a more serious condition than hypopituitarism in that it affects the function of all other endocrine glands)

75
Q

Parathyroidoma

A

Tumor of a parathyroidoma

76
Q

Thyroiditis

A

Inflammation of the thyroid gland

77
Q

Addison disease

A

Chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex.

78
Q

What are five signs and symptoms of Addison disease?

A

Weight less, weakness, hypotension, darkening of skin, and loss of appetite.

79
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

A

Condition caused by a congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism.

80
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism is characterized by:

A

Puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and short stature.

81
Q

Cushing syndrome:

A

Group of signs and symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices. May be the result of a pituitary tumor that produces ACTH or a primary adrenal cortex hypersecretion.

82
Q

Signs of Cushing syndrome are:

A

Abnormally pigmented skin, “moon face”, pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, “buffalo hump” (fat on back), wasting away of muscle, and hypertension.

83
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

84
Q

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus include:

A

Excessive thirst (polydipsia), large amounts of urine (polyuria), and water being excreted from the body

85
Q

Diabetes mellitus:

A

Chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under-activity of the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

86
Q

Diabetes mellitus can cause:

A

Chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. In extreme cases, a patient may develop ketosis, acidosis, and finally coma.

87
Q

Gigantism

A

Condition brought about by hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty

88
Q

Graves disease

A

Autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the production of more thyroid hormone than the body needs (hyperthyroidism), goiter, exophthalamos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball)

89
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

Disease in which thyroid gland cells are destroyed by autoimmune processes. Characterized by hypothyroidism and goiter

90
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis is more common in which sex?

A

Women

91
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Serious condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in which acid ketones accumulate from fat metabolism in the absence of adequate insulin. Can progress to coma and death if not promptly controlled by adequate insulin and hydration.

92
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the area of the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the “good” cholesterol HDL.

93
Q

What are risks of metabolic syndrome?

A

Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, or stroke

94
Q

Metabolic syndrome is also called:

A

Syndrome X and insulin resistance syndrome

95
Q

Myxedema

A

Condition resulting from an extreme deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult.

96
Q

Signs of myxedema include:

A

Puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia.

97
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Malignant cancer that often starts in the adrenal medulla, composed of immature nerve cells. Primarily affects children.

98
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually non-malignant and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain

99
Q

The most common treatment of pheochromocytoma is and if left untreated, the end can be what?

A

Surgical removal of the tumor. Usually curable with early detection but can be fatal if left untreated.

100
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

A

Condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones

100
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Excision of (one or both) adrenal glands

101
Q

Parathyroidcetomy

A

Excision of (one or both) parathyroid glands

102
Q

Thyroidectomy

A

Excision of the thyroid gland

103
Q

Radioactive iodine uptake

A

Nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function, particularly when distinguishing different causes of hyperthyroidism. Radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which the amount of its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured. Images of the gland can also be obtained using this procedure.

104
Q

Sestamibi parathyroid scan

A

Nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands. The glands that take up an abnormal amount of radioactive substance are identified and selected for surgical removal; the other parathyroid glands may be left in place.

105
Q

Thyroid sonography

A

Ultrasound test of the thyroid gland used to help determine whether a thyroid nodule is likely benign or possibly malignant, including whether it is cystic or solid. Also used to help guide a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy.

106
Q

Fasting blood sugar

A

Blood test to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood after fasting for 8 to 10 hours. Elevation may indicate diabetes mellitus.

107
Q

Fine needle aspiration

A

Biopsy technique that uses a narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic examination. Thyroid nodules are frequently biopsied using FNA.

108
Q

Glycosylated hemoglobin

A

Blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measuring the amount of glucose (sugar) bound to hemoglobin in the blood. HbA1c provides an indication of blood sugar level over the past three months, covering the 120-day lifespan of the red blood cell

109
Q

Glycosylated hemoglobin is also called

A

Glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and A1c test

110
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone level

A

Blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose thyroid disorders and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy

111
Q

Thyroxine level

A

Blood test that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood. A greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypothyroidism.

112
Q

Adrencorticohyperplasia

A

Excessive development of the adrenal cortex

113
Q

Euglycemia

A

Normal (level of) sugar in the blood (within the range)

114
Q

Euthyroid

A

Normal thyroid gland activity

115
Q

Glycemia

A

Sugar in the blood

116
Q

Polydipsia

A

Abnormal state of much thirst

117
Q

Endocrinologist

A

Physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine (system)

118
Q

Endocrinology

A

Study of the endocrine (system) (A branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the endocrine system)

119
Q

Cortical

A

Pertaining to the cortex

120
Q

Syndrome

A

Run together (signs and symptoms occurring together that are characteristic of a specific disorder)

121
Q

Exophthalmo

A

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

122
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland. May be caused by autoimmune diseases of the thyroid, iodine deficiency, or the presence of multiple nodules

123
Q

Tetany

A

Condition affecting nerves causing multiple spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone

124
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue

125
Q

Incretins

A

A group of hormones produced by the GI system that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and help preserve the beta cells.

126
Q

Incretin mimetics

A

Medications that copy the action of incretin and help control blood sugar in patient with type 2 diabetes mullitus

127
Q

Metabolis

A

Sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism

128
Q

DI

A

Diabetes insipidus

129
Q

DKA

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

129
Q

DM

A

Diabetes mellitus

130
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate AHD (secretion)

131
Q

T1DM

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D)

132
Q

T2DM

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D)

133
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

134
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone

135
Q

FBS

A

Fasting blood sugar

135
Q

FNA

A

Fine needle aspiration

136
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

137
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone

138
Q

HbA1c

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin

139
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

139
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

140
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

141
Q

RAIU

A

Radioactive iodine uptake

142
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

143
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine level

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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