Chapter 16 - Disorders Common Among Children and Adolescents Flashcards
1
Q
What are bullies like?
A
- Display antisocial behaviors
- Perform poorly in school
- Drop out of school
- Bring weapons to school
- Drink alcohol
- Smoke cigarettes
- Use drugs
2
Q
What are the effects of bullying?
A
- Depression
- Suicidal thinking and attempts
- Anxiety
- Low self-esteem
- Sleep problems
- Somatic symptoms
- Substance use and abuse
- School problems and/or phobias
- Antisocial behavior
3
Q
Are girls or boys more likely to be bullied?
A
Girls
4
Q
How many children and adolescents experience a psychological disorder annually?
A
20%
5
Q
How many children have had a diagnosable disorder by the end of adolescence
A
50%, higher for boys than girls
6
Q
What percent of children report being bullied at least once?
A
50%
7
Q
What percent of children and adolescents have anxiety disorders?
A
25%
8
Q
What are childhood anxiety disorders?
A
- Typically dominated by behavioral and somatic symptoms rather than cognitive ones
- Genetic studies suggest that some children are prone to an anxious temperament
9
Q
What is separation anxiety disorder?
A
- Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent
- Often untreated
10
Q
What is selective mutism?
A
- Children consistently fail to speak in certain social situations, but show no difficult at all speaking in others
- Often begins as early as the preschool years
- Individual persistently does not speak in certain social situations in which speech is expected, although speaking in other situations presents no problem
- Academic or social interference
- Individual’s symptoms last 1 month or more and are not limited to the first 4 weeks of a new school year
- Symptoms not due to autism, thought disorder, or language and communication disorder
11
Q
What are the treatments for childhood anxiety disorders?
A
- Despite the high prevalence of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders, ⅔ go untreated
- Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, family, and group therapies, separately or in combination, have been used most often
- Play therapy: children play with toys, draw, and make up stories; in doing so, they are thought to reveal the conflicts in their lives and their related feelings
12
Q
What percent of children have at least one depressive disorder by the end of adolescence?
A
20%
13
Q
What is major depressive disorder for children and adolescents?
A
- Depression in the young may be triggered by negative life events (particularly losses), major changes, rejection, or ongoing abuse
- Characterized by headaches, stomach pain, irritability, and disinterest in toys and games
- Clinical depression is more common among teenagers than young children
14
Q
What is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
A
- Bipolar disorder is often considered an adult mood disorder, but starting in mid-1990s clinicians began giving the diagnosis to children
- Childhood bipolar label has been overapplied over the past 2 decades, so new category in DSM-5: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
- For at least one year, individual repeatedly displays severe outbursts of temper that are extremely out of proportion to triggering situations and different from ones displayed by most other individuals of same age
- Outbursts occur at least 3x per week and are present in at least 2 settings
- Individual repeatedly displays irritable or angry mood between the outbursts
- Individual receives initial diagnosis between ages 6-18
15
Q
How many children and adolescents have oppositional defiant disorder?
A
11%
16
Q
What is oppositional defiant disorder?
A
- Children are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive
- Repeated arguments with adults, loss of temper, anger, and resentment
- Children ignore adult requests and rules, try to annoy people, and blame others for their mistakes and problems
17
Q
What is conduct disorder?
A
- A more severe problem, in which children repeatedly violate others’ basic rights
- Often aggressive and may be physically cruel to people and animals
- Many steal from, threaten, or harm their victims
- Begins between 7-15
- Overt-destructive pattern
- Overt-nondestructive pattern
- Covert-destructive pattern
- Covert-nondestructive pattern
- Relational aggression
18
Q
What is the overt-destructive pattern?
A
openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors
19
Q
What is the overt-nondestructive pattern?
A
openly offensive but nonconfrontational behaviors such as lying
20
Q
What is the covert-destructive pattern?
A
secretive destructive behaviors
21
Q
What is the covert-nondestructive pattern?
A
individuals secretly commit nondestructive behaviors
22
Q
what is relational aggression?
A
- Individuals are socially isolated and primarily display social misdeeds (slander, rumor-starting, friendship manipulation)
- More common among girls than boys
23
Q
What are the causes of conduct disorder?
A
- Many cases of conduct disorder have been linked to genetic and biological factors, drug abuse, poverty, traumatic events, and exposure to violent peers or community violence
- Cases have most often been tied to troubled parent-child relationships, inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility
24
Q
What are the treatments for conduct disorder?
A
- Treatments are generally most effective with children younger than 13
- Today’s clinicians are increasingly combining several approaches into a wide-ranging treatment program
- Sociocultural treatments
- Family interventions
- Parent-child interaction therapy
- Parent management training
- Residential treatment (community based, school programs)
- Child-focused treatments (focus primarily on the child with conduct disorder)
- Cognitive-behavioral interventions
- Problem-solving skills training
- Modeling, practice, role-playing, and systematic rewards
- Coping power program
- Prevention (the greatest hope for reducing the problem of conduct disorder lies in prevention programs that begin in early childhood)
25
What are elimination disorders?
- Children with elimination disorders repeatedly urinate or pass feces in their clothes, in bed, or on the floor
- They have reached an age at which they are expected to control these bodily functions
- Symptoms not caused by physical illness
- Enuresis, Encopresis
26
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
a group of disabilities in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect the individual’s behavior, memory, concentration, and/or ability to learn
27
How many children and adolescents have ADHD?
7-10%
28
What is ADHD?
- Children who display ADHD have great difficulty attending to tasks, behave overactively and impulsively, or both
- The primary symptoms may feed into each other, but in many cases one of the symptoms stands out more than the other
- About half the children with ADHD also have: learning or communication problems, poor school performance, difficulty interacting with other children, misbehavior (often serious) and mood or anxiety problems
29
What are the causes of ADHD?
- Several, interacting causes
- Biological, particularly abnormal dopamine activity, and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain
- High levels of stress
- Family dysfunctioning
30
What are the treatments for ADHD?
- Disagreement about most effective treatment for ADHD
- Most common approaches are drug therapy, behavioral therapy, or a combination
31
What are the multicultural factors of ADHD?
African american and hispanic american children with significant attention and activity problems are less likely than white american children to be assessed for adhd, receive an adhd diagnosis, or undergo treatment for the disorder
32
What is autism spectrum disorder?
- Children with this disorder are extremely unresponsive to others, uncommunicative, repetitive, and rigid
- Symptoms appear in early life, before 3
- Mostly in boys
- Lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity
- Language and communication problems that take various forms (echolalia, pronominal reversal)
- Play that is limited, repetitive, and rigid
- Unusual motor behavior
33
what is echolalia?
the exact echoing of phrases spoken by others
34
what is pronominal reversal?
confusion of pronouns
35
what are the causes of autism spectrum disorder?
- Sociocultural: poor parenting (not supported by data)
- Psychological: perceptual or cognitive disturbances, mindblindness
- Biological: genetics, brain abnormalities (cerebellum, brain circuits), parental age
- Early births linked to autism and dyslexia
36
what are the treatments for autism spectrum disorder?
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Communication training
- Parent training
- Community integration
37
what is an intellectual disability?
- People should receive a diagnosis of intellectual disability when they display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior
- IQ of 70 or lower
- Person must have difficulty in communication, home living, self-direction, work, or safety
- Symptoms must appear before age 18
- Problems with IQ tests: many theorists have questioned validity of IQ tests, they appear to be socioculturally biased
- Most consistent sign is that the person learns very slowly
- Other areas of difficulty are attention, short-term memory, planning, and language
- Those who are institutionalized with intellectual disability are particularly likely to have these limitations
- Four levels of intellectual disability
Mild (IQ 50-70)
Moderate (IQ 35-49)
Severe (IQ 20-34)
Profound (IQ below 20)
