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Psych 405 > Chapter 15 - Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the ABCs of psychological functioning?

A
  • Affect: range, intensity, and changeability of emotions and emotional responsiveness
  • Behavior: ability to control impulses and interactions with others
  • Cognition: perceptions and interpretations of events, other people, and oneself`
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2
Q

what is the most common personality disorder?

A

OCD

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3
Q

what are the most difficult psychological disorders to treat?

A

personality disorders

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4
Q

how many people in the US have personality disorders?

A

11%

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5
Q

how do you diagnose a personality disorder?

A
  • The individual displays a long-term, rigid, and wide-ranging pattern of inner experience and behavior that leads to dysfunction in at least two of the following realms: cognition, emotion, social interactions, impulsivity
  • The individual’s pattern is significantly different from ones usually found in individual’s culture
  • The individual experiences significant distress or impairment
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6
Q

how does the DSM-5 classify personality disorders?

A
  • DSM-5 has a categorical approach
  • Some theorists prefer dimensional approach
  • Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric personality disorders, Cluster B: Dramatic Emotional personality disorders, Cluster C: Anxious-Fearful personality disorders
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7
Q

What are the Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders?

A

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

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8
Q

What is paranoid personality disorder?

A
  • deep distrust and suspicion of others
  • Limited close relationships; cold & distant affect
  • Excessive trust in own ideas and abilities; critical of weakness and fault in others
  • More common in men than in women
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9
Q

what are the theoretical explanations for paranoid personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: linked to patterns of early interactions with demanding parents
  • Cognitive-behavioral: tied to broad maladaptive assumptions
  • Biological: genetic causes
  • Little systematic research
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10
Q

What are the treatments for paranoid personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: object relations therapists; self therapists
  • Behavioral: anxiety reduction and interpersonal problem-solving improvement
  • Cognitive: development of more realistic interpretations of words and actions of others
  • Biological: antipsychotic drug therapy
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11
Q

What is schizoid personality disorder?

A
  • Persistent avoidance of social relationships; little demonstration of emotions
  • Individual focuses primarily on self and is generally unaffected by praise or concern
  • Preference for being alone; weak social skills
  • Lack of intimacy interest; often marital or family problems
  • Slightly more common in men than in women
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12
Q

What are the theoretical explanations for schizoid personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: rooted in unsatisfied need for human contact; unaccepting and/or abusive parents; objects relations theory
  • Cognitive-behavioral: tied to deficiencies in thinking; inability to pick up emotional cues; language and motor skills delays
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13
Q

What are the treatments for schizoid personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: object relations therapists; self therapists
  • Behavioral: social skills education; role-playing, exposure techniques; group therapy
  • Cognitive: presenting and evoking memories of pleasurable experiences
  • Biological: drug therapy provides limited help
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14
Q

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

A
  • A range of interpersonal problems, marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities
  • Individuals believe unrelated events pertain to them in important ways; bodily illusions
  • Demonstrate difficulty keeping attention focused; conversation is typically digressive and vague, even sprinkled with loose associations
  • Slightly more males than females
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15
Q

What are the theoretical explanations for schizotypal personality disorder?

A
  • Similar factors are at work in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia and related disorders
  • Links to mood disorders, especially depression, have been found
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16
Q

What are the treatments for schizotypal personality disorder?

A
  • Behavioral: help the client reconnect to world and recognize thinking limits
  • Cognitive-behavioral: recognize unusual thoughts and magical prediction; speech lessons, social skills training, appropriate dress and manners recognition
  • Biological: some patients benefit from low-dose antipsychotic drugs
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17
Q

What are the Emotional Dramatic Personality Disorders?

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

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18
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • Sociopaths and psychopaths
  • Persistently disregard and violate others’ rights
  • Person must be at least 18 years of age to receive this diagnosis (DSM-5)
  • Lie repeatedly, reckless, and impulsive
  • Little regard for other individuals, and can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent
  • Higher rate of alcoholism, substance use disorder, or childhood conduct disorder and ADHD
  • 4x more common in men than in women
19
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives for antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic theorists: absence of parental love leads to lack of basic trust; research links to childhood stress
  • Behavioral: antisocial symptoms learned through operant conditioning, modeling, imitation
  • Cognitive: difficulty recognizing others’ viewpoints or feelings
  • Biological: biological predisposition; lower serotonin activity; dysfunctional brain circuits
20
Q

What are the treatments for antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • Education; therapeutic community; psychotropic medication
  • Typically ineffective due to lack of conscience and desire to change
21
Q

What is borderline personality disorder?

A
  • Characterized by instability, including major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, and impulsivity
  • Unstable interpersonal relationships
  • Prone to bouts of anger, which sometimes result in physical aggression and violence; also may direct impulsive anger inward and harm themselves
  • 75% are women
22
Q

What are the theoretical explanations for borderline personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: early parental relationships
  • Object relations theory: lack of early acceptance or abuse/neglect by parents (some research support)
  • Biological: genetic predisposition; lower brain serotonin activity, abnormal brain structure/circuit activity and anatomy
  • Sociocultural: impact of rapidly changing cultures
23
Q

What are the integrative explanations for borderline personality disorder?

A
  • Biosocial: combination of internal and external forces
  • Children have intrinsic difficulty identifying and controlling emotions; parents teach them to ignore their feelings
  • Developmental psychopathology: childhood traumas and dysfunctional parental attachments lead to flawed capacity for healthy relationships; positive factors can counter
  • Mentalization deficits
24
Q

What are the treatments for borderline personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: relational psychoanalytic therapy; dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)
  • Biological: antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, or antipsychotic drugs as adjuncts to psychotherapy
25
Q

What is histrionic personality disorder?

A
  • Individuals are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention
  • Engagement in attention-getting behaviors and always on stage
  • Approval and praise are lifeblood
  • Vain, self-centered, and demanding
  • Some make suicide attempts, often to manipulate others
  • Females diagnosed more frequently
26
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives for histrionic personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: unhealthy relationships with cold, controlling parents in childhood; feelings of being unloved and fear of abandonment; dramatic crisis invented for protection
  • Cognitive-behavioral: lack of substance and extreme suggestibility tied to self-focused and emotional behavior; search for others to meet needs related to sense of helplessness
  • Sociocultural/multicultural: partially influenced by cultural norms and expectations
27
Q

What are the treatments for histrionic personality disorder?

A
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • Psychodynamic therapy
  • Each approach is useful, though some are less useful
28
Q

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

A
  • Generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others
  • Up to 75% are men
29
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives on narcissistic personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: focus on cold, rejecting parents
  • Object relations: focus on grandiose self-presentation; self-sufficiency replaces warm relationships
  • Cognitive-behavioral: propose narcissistic personality disorder may develop when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life; overvalue self-worth
  • Sociocultural: see a link between narcissistic personality disorder and eras of narcissism in society
30
Q

What are the treatments for narcissistic personality disorder?

A
  • One of the most difficult personality patterns to treat
  • Clients consult therapists usually because of a related disorder, most commonly depression
  • Individuals may try to manipulate therapists to support their sense of superiority; a love-hate relationship may evolve
  • Psychodynamic: recognize and work through basic insecurities and defenses
  • Cognitive-behavioral: focus on self-centered thinking and redirection
  • No major treatment approaches have had much success
31
Q

What are the anxious-fearful personality disorders?

A

avoidant, dependent, OCD

32
Q

What is avoidant personality disorder?

A
  • Pervasive anxiety, a sense of inadequacy, and a fear of being criticized, which leads to the avoidance of social interactions and nervousness
  • Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
  • Social avoidant personality disorder: fear of close social relationships; Social anxiety disorder: fear of social circumstances; the two disorders may reflect core psychopathology; should be combined
  • Men have it as frequently as women
33
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives for avoidant personality disorder?

A
  • Theorists often assume avoidant personality disorder has the same causes as anxiety disorder; no clear research ties the two together
  • Psychodynamic: focus on shame and insecurity traced to childhood experiences
  • Cognitive-behavioral: harsh criticism in early childhood leads to expected rejection; failure to develop effective social skills
  • Biological: arousal
34
Q

What are the treatments for avoidant personality disorder?

A
  • Therapy often sought for acceptance and affection
  • The therapist gains the individual’s trust and tends to treat the disorder in the same way as social phobia and anxiety
  • Cognitive-behavioral: group therapy provides practice in social interations
  • Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are sometimes useful, symptoms return when medication is stopped
35
Q

What is dependent personality disorder?

A
  • Individuals have a pervasive, excessive need to be cared for
  • Clinging and obedient; fear separation from loved ones; distressed, lonely, sad, and prone to self-dislike
  • Reliance on others so the smallest decision cannot be mde
  • Difficulty with separation is central feature
  • Equal incidence among males and females
35
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives on dependent personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: similar to depression; overinvolvement or overprotection
  • Freudian: unresolved conflicts during oral stage
  • Object relations theory: early parental loss or rejection prevents normal attachment and separation
  • Behavioral: unintentional clinging and loyal behavior rewarded by dependent parents
  • Cognitive: maladaptive behaviors; inadequate and helpless to deal with world; need to find person to provide protecton
36
Q

What are the treatments for dependent personality disorder?

A
  • Psychodynamic: transference of dependency needs
  • Cognitive-behavioral: often combines interventions
  • Behavioral: assertiveness training to cope
  • Cognitive: challenge and change incompetence and helplessness assumptions
  • Biological: antidepressant drug therapy, when disorder is comorbid with depression
  • Group therapy format
37
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A
  • Intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control and resulting loss of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
  • Unreasonably high standards for self and others and, fearing a mistake, may be afraid to make decisions
  • Tendency to be rigid and stubborn
  • Difficulty expressing affection; relationships are often stiff and superficial
  • Men are twice as likely as women to display disorder
38
Q

What are the theoretical perspectives on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A
  • Freudian: overly harsh toilet training during anal stage; anal retentive and fixated
  • Cognitive-behavioral: illogical thinking processes
39
Q

What are the treatments for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A
  • People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder do not usually believe there is anything wrong with them
  • Individuals often respond well to psychodynamic or cognitive therapy
  • A number of clinicians report success with SSRIs
40
Q

what are the multicultural factors of personality disorder

A
  • According to DSM-5, a pattern diagnosed as a personality disorder must “deviate markedly from the expectations of a person’s culture”
  • Lack of multicultural research is of special concern regarding borderline personality disorder
  • Clinical theorists have suspicions, but no compelling evidence, that cultural differences exist
41
Q

what is the “big five” of personality?

A

neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

42
Q

what does a categorical approach assume?

A
  • Problematic personality traits are either present or absent
  • Personality disorder is either displayed or not displayed
  • A person who suffers from a personality disorder is not markedly troubled by personality traits outside of the disorder
43
Q

What is the alternative dimensional approach for possible use in future DSM?

A

5 groups of problematic traits would be eligible for a diagnosis of PDTS: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism

Psych 405 (7 decks)

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