Chapter 16: commonly used drugs

Question 1

broad spectrum antibiotics
used to treat enteric coccidiosis and can be put in water for immunosuppressed mice to prevent infection by Pneumocysits carinii

Answer 1

sulfonamides

Question 2

broad-spectrum drugs used to treat E. coli, salmonella spp, shigella spp.
Enrofloxacin is most commonly used

Answer 2

fluoroquinolones

Question 3

antibiotics that include neomycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin
have potential to cause inner ear and kidney toxicity

Answer 3

aminoglycosides

Question 4

what does Gentamicin do

Answer 4

used in many topical preparations
used to systemically treat Gram-negative infections

Question 5

topical preparations
in combination with 2 other antibiotics, bacitracin and polymyxin(gram-positive)
treat superficial wounds most common as an ophthalmic (eye) prep to treat conjunctivitis
neomycin is gram-negative

Answer 5

Neomycin

Question 6

injected where is neomycin toxic and nontoxic

Answer 6

toxic: IV
nontoxic: gastrointestinal tract
aka: give orally instead of IV

Question 7

what spectrum of activity are Penicillin mainly in

Answer 7

Gram-positive

Question 8

how do bacteria become resistant to penicillin

Answer 8

by inactivating them with an enzyme
(beta-lactamase)

Question 9

how do you prevent penicillin resistance?

Answer 9

combining clavulanate with a penicillin, most commonly amoxicillin

Question 10

what bacterial disease does penicillin create but killing the normal intestinal flora in species?

Answer 10

enterotoxemia

Question 11

what animals can penicillin be deadly to?

Answer 11

hamsters, guinea pigs, and with prolonged use rabbits

Question 12

what happened in enterotoxemia

Answer 12

clostridium difficile proliferates rapidly when the normal bacteria are killed by penicillin, its toxin kills animals within hours

Question 13

What is used for treating Gram-positive organisms
Ceftiofur and cefadroxil are frequently used

Answer 13

Cephalosporins

Question 14

what is the most commonly used Nitroimidazole and what does it do?

Answer 14

Metronidazole
an antibiotic that can be used to treat infections of anaerobic bacteria and parasitic protozoa, such as amoeba, giardia, and trichomonas

Question 15

Metronidazole
an antibiotic that can be used to treat infections of anaerobic bacteria and parasitic protozoa, such as amoeba, giardia, and trichomonas

Answer 15

Nitroimidazole

Question 16

what antifungal drugs are used to treat a superficial fungal infection like ring worm?

Answer 16

miconazole and nystatin

Question 17

what antifungal is used to treat systemic infections that require long-term treatment?

Answer 17

ketoconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin

Question 18

what do parasiticides treat?

Answer 18

parasitic infestations, such as those caused by helminths, amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, etc.

Question 19

what is the most widely used parasiticides in lab animal medicine?

Answer 19

Ivermectin

Question 20

what animals should not take Ivermectin and why?

Answer 20

rodents: the genetic background is known, and should be given with caution
Dogs: toxic to certain breeds such as collies and sight hounds
turtles: nearly always fatal
Reptiles: not recommended for its narrow margin of safety

Question 21

what drugs are used to treat internal parasites, mainly nematodes?

Answer 21

Fenbendazole

Question 22

which parasitic drug can be purchased as medicated feed?

Answer 22

Fenbendazole

Question 23

what is pyrantel pamoate an effective treatment for?

Answer 23

nematodes. it works in many species and has a wide margin of safety

Question 24

what is the family of insecticidal compounds which are used to treat external parasites in many species?

Answer 24

Pyrethrins

Question 25

what is a product found naturally produced by chrysanthemum plants?

Answer 25

Pyrethrin

Question 26

what is the synthetic form of pyrethrin called?

Answer 26

pyrethroids

Question 27

which animal are highly sensitive to Pyrethrin that could become fatal?

Answer 27

cats, amphibians, and fish

Question 28

what is Praziquantel used for

Answer 28

treating tapeworms in dogs and cats and other species

Question 29

what is Amitraz used for?

Answer 29

treating demodectic mange mites in dogs

Question 30

what is Milbemycin oxime used for?

Answer 30

prevention of heartworm in dogs

Question 31

what drugs reduce gut motility?

Answer 31

atropine, loperamide, and aminopentamide

Question 32

What do atropine, loperamide, and aminopentamide

Answer 32

Reduce gut motility

Question 33

what drugs are coating agents?

Answer 33

kaolin/pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, and carafate

Question 34

what are kaolin/pectin, bismuth subsalicylate, and carafate?

Answer 34

Drugs that are coating agents

Question 35

what does giving antiemetic drugs, like metoclopramide, maropitant citrate, and promethazine do?

Answer 35

treat nausea and vomiting

Question 36

what drugs are used to provide symptomatic relief of diarrhea?

Answer 36

antidiarrheal and antiemetic drugs care when using because they do not fix the underlying issue

Question 37

what do anti-inflammatory drugs do?

Answer 37

Reduce the signs of inflammation, which are tissue swelling, pain, tenderness, heat, redness and provide pain relief

Question 38

what type of corticosteroid produced naturally by the adrenal glands

Answer 38

glucocorticoids

Question 39

are are synthetic glucocorticoids used for?

Answer 39

have anti-inflammatory activity, provide pain relief, and are immunosuppressive through the inhibition of leukocytes

Question 40

synthetic corticosteroids are every effective in reducing inflammation, fever, and itch, name the most common examples used

Answer 40

dexamethasone, triamcinolone, and prednisone

Question 41

What are dexamethasone, triamcinolone, and prednisone and what do they do

Answer 41

synthetic corticosteroids are every effective in reducing inflammation, fever, and itch, name the most common examples used

Question 42

what do these topical medications treat, neomycin, nystatin and triamcinolone

Answer 42

neomycin: kill bacteria nystatin: kill fungi triamcinolone: reduce inflammation

Question 43

what are the adverse effects associated with corticosteroids?

Answer 43

increased urination, increased thirst, increased appetite when used in long-term they can produce more serious adverse effects (life-threatening)

Question 44

what are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) used for?

Answer 44

controlling inflammation and do not produce the adverse effect seen with corticosteroids they do this by inhibiting prostaglandin production provide pain relief and reduce fever and inflammation

Question 45

what are commonly drugs that are NSAIDS

Answer 45

meloxicam, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, carprofen, and robenacoxib

Question 47

what is the major adverse effect of NSAIDS

Answer 47

they have a tendency to cause gastric and intestinal ulcers