Chapter 16 Flashcards
Equality of opportunity
The idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
Equality of outcome
The concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved
Invidious discrimination
Discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity
Civil rights
Powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals
Black codes
Legislation enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedom of blacks
Racism
A belief that human races have distinct characteristics such that one’s own race is superior to, and has a right to rule, others
Poll tax
A tax of $1 or $2 on every citizen who wished to vote, first instituted in Georgia in 1877. Although it was no burden on most white citizens, it effectively disenfranchised blacks.
Racial segregation
Separation from society because of race
Separate-but-equal doctrine
The concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
Desegregation
The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race
De jure segregation
Government – imposed segregation
De facto segregation
Segregation that is not the result of government influence
Civil rights movement
The mass mobilization during the 1960s that sought to gain equality of rights and opportunities for blacks in the South and to a lesser extent in the north, mainly through nonviolent, unconventional means of participation
Boycott
The refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as a means of coercion
Civil disobedience
The willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust
Set – aside
A purchasing or contracting provision that reserves a certain percentage of funds for minority-owned contractors
Protectionism
The notion that women must be protected from life’s cruelties; until the 1970s, the basis for laws affecting women’s civil rights
19th amendment
The amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1920, that ensures women of the right to vote
Sexism
Invidious sex discrimination
equal rights amendment (ERA)
A failed constitutional amendment introduced by the national women’s party in 1993, declaring that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex
Affirmative action
Any of a wide range of programs, from special recruitment efforts to numerical quotas, aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups
