Chapter 16

Question 1

Equality of opportunity

Answer 1

The idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life

Question 2

Equality of outcome

Answer 2

The concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved

Question 3

Invidious discrimination

Answer 3

Discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity

Question 4

Civil rights

Answer 4

Powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals

Question 5

Black codes

Answer 5

Legislation enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedom of blacks

Question 6

Racism

Answer 6

A belief that human races have distinct characteristics such that one’s own race is superior to, and has a right to rule, others

Question 7

Poll tax

Answer 7

A tax of $1 or $2 on every citizen who wished to vote, first instituted in Georgia in 1877. Although it was no burden on most white citizens, it effectively disenfranchised blacks.

Question 8

Racial segregation

Answer 8

Separation from society because of race

Question 9

Separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 9

The concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment

Question 10

Desegregation

Answer 10

The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race

Question 11

De jure segregation

Answer 11

Government – imposed segregation

Question 12

De facto segregation

Answer 12

Segregation that is not the result of government influence

Question 13

Civil rights movement

Answer 13

The mass mobilization during the 1960s that sought to gain equality of rights and opportunities for blacks in the South and to a lesser extent in the north, mainly through nonviolent, unconventional means of participation

Question 14

Boycott

Answer 14

The refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as a means of coercion

Question 15

Civil disobedience

Answer 15

The willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust

Question 16

Set – aside

Answer 16

A purchasing or contracting provision that reserves a certain percentage of funds for minority-owned contractors

Question 17

Protectionism

Answer 17

The notion that women must be protected from life’s cruelties; until the 1970s, the basis for laws affecting women’s civil rights

Question 18

19th amendment

Answer 18

The amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1920, that ensures women of the right to vote

Question 19

Sexism

Answer 19

Invidious sex discrimination

Question 20

equal rights amendment (ERA)

Answer 20

A failed constitutional amendment introduced by the national women’s party in 1993, declaring that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex

Question 21

Affirmative action

Answer 21

Any of a wide range of programs, from special recruitment efforts to numerical quotas, aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups