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CELL BIOLOGY 2019 > CHAPTER 16 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do singling molecules consist of ?

A

simple gases to proteins

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2
Q

what are the modes of cell signalling?

A

direct cell -cell signalling

signalling by secreted molecules

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3
Q

signalling molecules are secreted by specialized endocrine cells and carried through the circulation to target cells at distant body sites?

A

endocrine signalling eg-estrogen

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4
Q

molecules released by one cell act on neighbouring target cells?

A

paracrine signalling

eg-neurotransmitters

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5
Q

cells respond to signalling molecules that they themselves produce ?

A

autocrine signalling

eg-T lymphocytes

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6
Q

abnormal autocrine signalling leads to cancer. T/F

A

True

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7
Q

what do intracellular receptors respond to /

A

small hydrophobic molecules that can diffuse across the plasma membrane
eg-steroid hormones, thyroid hormone

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8
Q

what steroid hormones made of ?

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

examples of sex steroids produced by gonads ?

A

testosterone,estrogen,progesterone

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10
Q

where are corticosteroids produced?

A

adrenal gland

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11
Q

What stimulates production of glucose ?

A

glucocorticoids

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12
Q

what acts one the kidneys to regulate salt and water balance?

A

mineralocorticoids

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13
Q

an insect hormone that triggers metamorphosis of larvae to adults?

A

ecdysone

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14
Q

a plant steroid hormone that controls several processes including cell growth and differentiation?

A

brassinosteroids

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15
Q

it is synthesized from tyrosine in the thyroid gland and is important for development and metabolism?

A

thyroid hormone

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16
Q

Regulates Ca2+ metabolism and bone growth ?

A

vitamin D

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17
Q

synthesized from vitamin A and imp. in vertebrate development?

A

retinoid acid and retinoids

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18
Q

what family do the receptors belong to?

A

nuclear receptor superfamily

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19
Q

glucocorticoid receptor is bound to Hsp90 chaperones in the absence of hormone.T/F

A

True

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20
Q

in the absence of the thyroid hormone, the thyroid hormone receptor is associated with a core repressor complex and represses transcription of target genes.T/F

A

true

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21
Q

a paracrine signalling molecule in there nervous, immune and circulatory systems?

A

NO nitric oxide

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22
Q

what is the main target of NO?

A

guanylyl cyclase

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23
Q

the binding of NO stimulates the synthesis of?

A

cyclic GMP

24
Q

a molecule that relays a signal from a receptor to a target inside the cell?

A

second messenger

25
Q

what is the function of NO?

A

diffuse to smooth muscle cells and stimulates cGMP production which induces muscle cell relaxation and blood vessel dilation

26
Q

what are the two signalling molecule that acts on the nervous system?

A

CO(carbon monoxide) and NO(nitrous oxide)

27
Q

carry signals b/w neutrons or from neutrons to other cells/

A

nuerotransmitters

28
Q

when are neurotransmitters released ?

A

when an action potential arrives at the end of a neuron

29
Q

name some peptide signalling molecules?

A

peptide hormones, neuropeptides, polypeptide growth factors

30
Q

examples of peptide hormones?

A

insulin, glucagon, pituitary gland hormones

31
Q

natural analgesics that decrease pain response and they bind to same receptors on brain cells as morphine does?

A

nuerohormones

32
Q

____ and ____ act as nuerotransmitters

A

enkephalins and endorphins

33
Q

what regulates the development and survival of neutrons?

A

nerve growth factor(NGF)

34
Q

what stimulates cell proliferation?

A

epidermal growth factor(EGF)

35
Q

what is stored in blood platelets and released during blood clotting and stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts ?

A

platelet derived growth factor(PDGF)

36
Q

regulate development and differentiation of blood cells and activities of lymphocytes during the immune response?

A

cytokines

37
Q

remain with the plasma membrane and function as signaling molecules in direct cell–cell interactions?

A

membrane anchored growth factor

38
Q

what are lipid signalling molecules called?

A

eicosanoids

39
Q

examples of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

40
Q

what are eicosanoids made from?

A

arachidonic acid

41
Q

what are the two forms of cyclooxyegenase ?

A

COX-1(normal production of prostaglandins)

COX-2(increased prostaglandin production)

42
Q

stem elongation?

A

gibberellin

43
Q

cell elongation in plants?

A

auxin

44
Q

fruit ripening?

A

ethylene

45
Q

cell division in plants?

A

cytokinin

46
Q

onset of dormancy in plants ?

A

abscisic acid

47
Q

newly identified plant hormones are ?

A

nitric oxide and brassinosteroids

48
Q

largest family of cell surface receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

49
Q

when were G proteins discovered ?

A

studies of cyclic AMP

50
Q

an intermediary in adenylyl cyclase activation which synthesizes cAMP?

A

G protein

51
Q

what are the three subunits(alpha, beta and gamma) of G proteins called ?

A

heterotrimeric G proteins

52
Q

example of another second messenger ?

A

cyclic GMP

53
Q

what does cGMP do?

A

mediates biological responses such as blood vessel dilation

54
Q

what is the photoreceptor in retinol rod cells called ?

A

rhodopsin

55
Q

a highly conserved pathway that controls cell fate during animal development?

A

notch pathway

56
Q

what is a notch/

A

a receptor for direct cell to cell signalling by transmembrane proteins on neighbouring cells

57
Q

crosstalk?

A

interaction b/w signalling pathways

CELL BIOLOGY 2019 (3 decks)

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