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CELL BIOLOGY 2019 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of extracellular matrix?

A

provides structural support to cells and tissues and regulates cell bahviour

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2
Q

cell wall function?

A

determines cell shape and prevents cells from swelling and bursting

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3
Q

bacterial cell wall shapes ?

A

rod shaped, spherical, spiral shaped

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4
Q

two classes of bacteria?

A

gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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5
Q

difference b/w gram positive and negative bacteria?

A

gram-ve=thin cell wall

gram+ve=thick cell wall

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6
Q

main component of bacterial cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

FtZ

A

cell division

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8
Q

MreB

A

cell elongation

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9
Q

main component of cell walls of eukaryotes?

A

polysaccharides

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10
Q

fungal cell walls and exoskeletons of anthropoids?

A

chitin

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11
Q

what is the cell wall of algae and higher plants made of ?

A

cellulose

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12
Q

what are the linkages between chitin and cellulose ?

A

beta 1—>4 linkages

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13
Q

highly branched polysaccharides H bonded to the surface of cellulose microfibrils, provide stability and mechanical strength ??

A

hemicellulose

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14
Q

branched polysaccharides with negatively charged galacturonic acids?

A

pectins(cross link cellulose microfibrils)

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15
Q

primary cell walls?

A

thin, flexible , contain equal amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins

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16
Q

secondary cell walls?

A

1-present b/w plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell growth
2-lack pectin and are50-80% cellulose

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17
Q

are complex polymer of phenolic residues that gives strength and density to wood?

A

lignin

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18
Q

do cells maintain osmotic balance between the cytosol and extracellular fluids?

A

no

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19
Q

what builds up in the cell and eventually equalizes the osmotic pressure and prevents further influx of water and leads to rigidity of plant tissues ?

A

hydrostatic pressure/turgor pressure

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20
Q

which plant hormones activate proteins called expansins which weaken the Reginas of the cell wall allowing expansion?

A

auxins

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21
Q

where does all the water accumulate so the cell can’t expand without increasing the volume of the cytosol?

A

large central vacuole

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22
Q

what enzyme synthesizes cellulose from UDP glucose ?

A

cellulose synthase

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23
Q

what are laid down parallel to cortical microtubules under the plasma membrane?

A

microfibrils

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24
Q

what guides the movement of cellulose synthase and defines the orientation of the newly synthesized microfibrils?

A

microtubules

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25
Q

what defines the direction of cell wall growth and cell expansion and ultimately the shape of the entire plant ?

A

cortical microtubules

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26
Q

thin layers on which epithelial cells rest and surround muscle cells, dispose cells and peripheral cells ?

A

basal laminae

27
Q

where is extracellular matrix most abundant ?

A

connective tissue

28
Q

tendons?

A

high proportion of fibrous proteins

29
Q

cartilage?

A

high level of polysacchrides

30
Q

bone matrix?

A

calcium phosphate crystals

31
Q

the major structural protein?

A

collagen

32
Q

what is collagen made up of ?

A

triple helices(three polypeptide chains)

33
Q

smallest amino acid?

A

glycine

34
Q

what does the triple helix domains amino acid sequence consist of?

A

Guy-X-Y

35
Q

what is formed in the ER by modification of proline in collagen polypeptide chains?

A

hydroxyproline

36
Q

type 1 collagen forms _______ in which the triple helical molecules form regular staggered arrays.

A

collagen fibrils

37
Q

procollagens?

A

assembly of fibrils occurs outside the cell from soluble precursor

38
Q

what cross links b/w side chains of lysine and hydrooxylysine residues help strengthen the fibrils?

A

covalent cross links

39
Q

Fibril associated collagens bind to collagen fibrils and link them to one another and to other matrix components. T/F

A

True

40
Q

what type of collagen is basal laminae ?

A

type IV

41
Q

what is present in organs that stretch and return to shape such as lungs ?

A

elastic fibres that are made of elastin

42
Q

extracellular matrix gels are formed from polysaccharides called _______.

A

GAGs(glycosaminoglycans)-they are repeating units of disaccharides

43
Q

what is the only GAG that is a single long polysaccharide chain?

A

hyaluronan

44
Q

GAGs link to proteins to form?

A

proteoglycans

45
Q

what is the major proteoglycan of cartilage that has about 100 chains of chondroitin sulphate attached to a core protein?

A

aggrecan

46
Q

____ link matrix components to one another and to cell surfaces.

A

matrix adhesion proteins

47
Q

what is the main adhesion protein of connective tissues?

A

fibronectin

48
Q

basal laminae belong to which family?

A

laminin family

49
Q

laminas are tightly associated with _____ and adhesion protein that also binds to type IV collagen.

A

nidogen

50
Q

transmembrane proteins that attach cells to the extracellular matrix??

A

integrins

51
Q

_____ were first identified by immunofluorescence and immunoelctron microscopy of transmembrane glycoproteins at points of cell adhesion to the matrix.

A

integrins

52
Q

bundles of actin filaments are anchored to beta subunits of integrins via other proteins??

A

focal adhesions

53
Q

they anchor epithelia cells to basal laminae?

A

hemidesmosomes

54
Q

name cell adhesion molecules ?

A

selecting, integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily, cadherins

55
Q

what do selectins do?

A

mediate transient interactions b/w leukocytes and endothelial cells

56
Q

____ leave the circulation at sites of tissue inflammation by interacting with endothelial cells of capillaries.

A

leukocytes

57
Q

example of heterophilic interaction?

A

binding of ICAMS to integrins

58
Q

heterophilic interaction?

A

an adhesion molecule on one cell recognizes a different molecule on another cell

59
Q

homophilic interactions ?

A

adhesion molecule on one cell binds to the same molecule on another cell

60
Q

what links actin filaments of adjacent cells ?

A

adherens junctions

61
Q

what links intermediate filament cytoskeletons of adjacent cells ?

A

desmosomes

62
Q

____ in epithelial cell sheets from a seal that prevents free passage of molecules and ions b/w cells.

A

tight junctions

63
Q

what acts as a glue to hold adjacent cells together?

A

middle lamella

64
Q

adjacent plant cells communicate through cytoplasmic connections called?

A

plasmodesmata

CELL BIOLOGY 2019 (3 decks)

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