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Physiology (Module 4) > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

1) There is more plasma than cells in the blood of most people; T/F

A

1)T

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2
Q

2) What is the main ingredient in plasma?

A

2)water

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3
Q

3) What ions are dissolved in plasma?

A

3)Salt, sugar

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4
Q

4) What organic molecule are found in the plasma?

A

4)Plasma protein, antibodies,urea,clotting proteins

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5
Q

5) What is the most abundant dissolved gas in the blood? Why?

A

5) Nitrogen (N2), because it an abundant amount that we breathe bs

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6
Q

6) What is the scientific name for RBCs?

A

6) Erythrocytes

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7
Q

7) What is the scientific name for WBCs?

A

7) Leukocytes

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8
Q

8) What is the main function of RBCs?

A

8) Carry oxygen

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9
Q

9) What two things increase as the number of RBCs in blood increases?

A

9) viscoity, oxygen carrying capacity, hematocrit

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10
Q

10) What is the main function of most WBCs?

A

10)fight disease

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11
Q

11) What are the cellular elements that assist in the clotting of the blood?

A

11) (Thrombocytes)

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12
Q

12) What is the scientific name for blood clotting?

A

12)coagulation

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13
Q

13) What type of WBC engulfs and ingests foreign particles?

A

13)Phagocytes

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14
Q

14) What are the two most common pathogen types destroyed by phagocytes?

A

14) bacteria , virus

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15
Q

15) What type of WBC is responsible for immune responses against invaders?

A

15) lymphocytes

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16
Q

16)What is another name for lymphocyte

A

16)immunocytes

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17
Q

18)You and I could do an effective job of determining the differential white cell count tomorrow if we had the correct equipment T/F

A

18)T

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18
Q

19)What must you do to WBC before you can see them on a slide

A

19) Dyed

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19
Q

20)What term means the synthesis of new blood cells

A

20)hematopoiesis

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20
Q

21)Where does hematopoiesis occur before you are born

A

21)liver, and spleen

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21
Q

22)Where does hematopoiesis occur after you are born

A

22)Bone marrow

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22
Q

23)How can you distinguish bone marrow that is actively producing RBC?

A

23) Red

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23
Q

24)What two hormones controls RBC synthesis

A

24) CSF, interleukin

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24
Q

26)What is the scientific name for RBC synthesis

A

26) erythrocytes

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25
Q

25) What hormone controls RBC synthesis

A

25) Erythropoitein

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26
Q

27)What does TPO stand for? What does it do?

A

27) Thrombopoietien, it controls platelet production

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27
Q

28) The reason that more WBCs are produced than RBCs in a given time period is that there are more WBCs than RBCs; T/F

A

28)F

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28
Q

29)How long (approx) do most RBC live

A

29) 120 Days / 4 mon.

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29
Q

30)The reason that RBC are produced are produced in such large numbers is that they have such a short life spam T/F

A

30) F

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30
Q

31)What is the ratio of red cells to plasma

A

31) Hematocrit

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31
Q

32)RBC must be very small for a variety of reason. Name them.

A

32) to fit through capillaries (can fold to fit through some )
- must be full of hemoglobin for oxygen
- cant carry out metablisim or repair

32
Q

33)What organelle are RBC lacking

A

33)nucleus

33
Q

34)Hemoglobin is composed of how many polypeptide subunits

A

34) composed of four
- each contains a heme group that has an ion atom
- The oxygen attaches to the iron atom

34
Q

36)What is the name of the molecule found in center of each hemoglobin polypetitide chain that contains an atom of iron

A

36) Heme group

35
Q

37)What does the iron do for hemoglobin

A

37) where oxygen attaches to the iron atom

36
Q

38)The lack of hemoglobin leads to what condition

A

38) Anemia.

37
Q

39)The lack of iron is the only cause of anemia T/F

A

39) F

38
Q

40) Where are RBC recycled in most people

A

40) Spleen.

39
Q

41) All hemoglobin is converted in bilirubin; T/F

A

41) F

40
Q

42)Non recycled hemoglobin is converted into

A

42) Bilirubin.

41
Q

43) Bilirubin is what gives what material its green color

A

43) Bile.

42
Q

44)Higher than normal levels of bilirubin lead to a conduction called

A

44) Jaundice.

43
Q

45)Jaundice is diagnosed most often by

A

45) Higher than normal levels of bilirubin.*

44
Q

46)What causes jaundice

A

46) Higher than normal levels of bilirubin due to liver disease (yellow skin and sclera).*

45
Q

47)What are the symptoms of anemia

A

47) Weakness and low stamina.

46
Q

48)What are the causes of anemia

A

48) Blood loss, cells rupture early, and defective RBC or hemoglobin synthesis.

47
Q

49)What is the catch 22 of coagulation

A

49)When you have a blood vessel that is damaged the body must prevent the loss of blood

48
Q

50)What happen if a blood vessel is blocked while repair is underway

A

50) The blood vessel cannot be blocked while the repair is underway.*

49
Q

51) What makes it necessary for the patch to be strong

A

51) Prevent leakage.

50
Q

52) What are the 3 basic steps of coagulation

A

52) Pressure must be reduced long enough to seal vessel with clot, Body repair mechanisms take over, and as wound heals, enzymes dissolve clot.

51
Q

53) What are cellular fragments of megakaryocytes produced in the bone marrow

A

53) Platelets (Thrombocytes).

52
Q

54)Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of platelets

A

54) Smaller than RBCs, Colorless, No nucleus, and cytoplasm contains clotting proteins.

53
Q

56)What is the process of keeping the blood within a damaged blood vessel

A

56) Hemostasis*

54
Q

57)What effect does vasoconstriction have on the process of hemostasis

A

57) reduce blood flow pressure assistant in process

55
Q

58)The initial platelet plug is only a temporary solution to blood loss until other process begin T/F

A

58) T*

56
Q

59)what do platelet stick to normally

A

59) Exposed collagen.

57
Q

60)What would happen if platelets begin to stick to endothelial cells in non damaged blood vessels

A

60) the formation of a plaque from cholesterol platelet in heart

58
Q

61) Where would this (above) be the greatest problem

A

61) In the heart due to cholesterol platelet

59
Q

62)Chemicals that activate platelets are called

A

62) Cytokines.

60
Q

63)What happens as a result of cytokine production by damaged tissues

A

63) More platelets aggregate.

61
Q

65) What is a series of enzymatic reaction that ends with the formation of a protein fiber mesh

A

65) Hemostatisis /coagulation.cascade/ blood clotting

62
Q

66)What are the two pathways to coagulation

A

66) Intrinsic extrinsic.*

63
Q

67)Which pathway to coagulation uses preexisting proteins exposed to collagen fibers

A

67) Intrinsic.

64
Q

68)Which coagulation pathway uses damaged tissues that produce tissue factor

A

68) Extrinsic.

65
Q

69)What is the name of the tissue factor rebased by damaged tissue (that enhance coagulation)

A

69) Thromboplastin.

66
Q

70)Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation stimulate thrombin to become prothrombin T/F

A

70) F*

67
Q

71)What is the name of the inactive soluble protein that is converted into a meshwork of fibers by thrombin

A

71) Fibrinogen.

68
Q

72) What is the name of the enzyme that activates/converts fibrinogen into fibrin?

A

72) Thrombin.

69
Q

73)What happens when fibrinogen is converted into fibrin

A

73) Fibrin forms the web like mesh that hold the platelets in place until tissue heals.

70
Q

74)What is the genetic inability to clot blood

A

74) Hemophilia.

71
Q

75)What is a Key problem of the coagulation system In cardiovascular disease

A

75) Clots block undamaged blood vessels.

72
Q

76)What helps prevents unnecessary coagulation

A

76) Anticoagulation (blood thinners/aspirin)

73
Q

77)What class of drugs is introduced into a patient suspected of having thrombosis

A

77) Clot busters

74
Q

78)What is the process of breaking down clots fibers called

A

78) Speed fibrinolysis.

75
Q

79)What effect do clots busting drugs have on those people who take them in emergency situations

A

79) Prevent further clotting.

Physiology (Module 4) (4 decks)

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