Chapter 16

Question 1

1. What are the Objectives Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation of the Infant and Child?

Answer 1

1. Decrease WOB
2. Improve gas exchange
3. Increase alveolar ventilation
4. Increase Functional Residual Capacity
5. Maintain patent airway

Question 2

2. What are the Indications of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation of the Infant and Child?

Answer 2

Increased WOB

• High respiratory rate
• Retractions
• Paradoxical breathing

Hypoventilation, increased CO2 and low pH

Airway obstruction

• OSA
• Structural abnormalities

Question 3

3. BiPAP is used for?

Answer 3

1. Acute Respiratory Failure
   - Not well studied but used in similar situations as adults
2. Chronic Respiratory Failure.
   - Neuromuscular
   - Chest deformation
   - Obesity
   - Upper airway obstruction
   - COPD

Question 4

4. What are the ventilators for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation of the Infant and Child?

Answer 4

1. Pressure targeted
   - Typical non-invasive ventilator
   - IPAP and EPAP
2. Volume targeted
   - Becoming more common on non-invasive ventilators
   - Can use volume ventilators via mask
3. Negative pressure
   - Usually for chronic disease
   - Not used much anymore

Question 5

5. What are the Modes of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation of the Infant and Child?

Answer 5

1. CPAP
2. Spontaneous
3. Timed
4. Spontaneous/Times

Question 6

6. What are the Titration of pressures?

Answer 6

1. Observe a decrease WOB
2. Improved gas exchange, O2 and CO2
3. Increase FRC, chest expansion
4. Maintenance of airway

Question 7

What are Fits (Masks) for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation of the Infant and Child?

Answer 7

1. Nasal masks
2. Face masks
3. Pillows
4. Nasal plugs
5. Make sure they are made for children

Question 8

8. What are the Contraindications of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation of the Infant and Child?

Answer 8

1. Cardiovascular instability
2. Nasopharyngeal obstruction
3. Hemoptysis
4. Lots of oral secretions
5. Agitation/anxiety
6. Apnea
7. Inability to maintain airway

Question 9

9. What are the complications of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation of the Infant and Child?

Answer 9

1. Skin irritation
2. Epistaxis
3. Aspiration
4. Pneumothorax