Chapter 16 Flashcards
Psychoanalytic and Humanistic therapies
Attempt to improve functioning by increasing clients’ awareness of motives and defenses
Behavior therapies
Not insight therapies. Their goal is to apply learning principles to modify problem behaviors
History of treatment
Visitors to eighteenth-century mental hospitals paid to gawk at patients, as though they were viewing zoo animals.
Whos Painting captured one of the visits to London’s St. Mary of Bethlehem hospital (commonly called Bedlam)
William Hogarth (1697-1764)
Psychotherapy
psychological techniques derived from psychological perspectives; trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or acheive presonal growth
Biomedical therapy
Involves treatment with medical procedures; trained therapist, most often a medical doctor, offers medications and other biologoical treaments
Electric approach
approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Psychoanalysis (goals)
Bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness; to help patients release energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts so they may achieve healthier, less anxious lives
Psychoanalysis (techniques)
Historical reconstruction, initially through hypnosis and later through free association; interpretation of resistance, transference
Psychodynamic therapy (goals)
To help people understnad current symptoms; to explore and gain perspective on defended-against thoughts and feelings
Psychodynamic therapy (Techniques)
Client-centered face-to-face meetings, exploration of past relationship torubles to understand origins of current difficulties
psychodynamic therapy
influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but differs from it in many ways
Differences (Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic therapies)
- lack of beleif in id, ego and superego
- briefer, less expecnsive, and more focused on helping the client find relief from current symptoms
- Helps clients understand how past relationships create themes that may be actd out in present relationships
Interpersonal therapy
-Brief 12-16 sessions form of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression
Humanistic perspective (theme)
Empahsis on poeples potential for self-fulfilment; to give people new insights
Humanistic perspective (goals)
To reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth; help clients grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance promoting persona; growth
Humanistic perspective (techniques)
Client-centered therapy; focus on taking responsibility for feelings and actions and on present and future rather than past
Roberts Perspective (Humanistic therapies)
- person centered therapy focuses on persons concious self-perceptions; non-directive; active listening; unconditional positive regard
- Most people possess resources for growth
- therapists foster by exhibiting genuiness acceptance and empathy
Counterconditioning
Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviours
Exposure therapies
treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things ther fear and avoid
Systematic desensitization
Associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety- triggering stimuli
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Treats anxiety by electronic simulations in which people can safey face their greatest fears, such as airplanes, flying, spiders, or punlic speaking
Adversive conditioning (goals)
Substituting negative response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus; conditioning an aversion to something the person should avoid
Adversive Condtioning (techinques)
Unwanted behaviour is associated with unpleasant feeligns; ability to discriminate between aversive conditioning situation in therapy and all other situations can limit treatment effectivness
Operant contitioning therapy
Consequences drive behaviour: voluntary behaviours are strongly influenced by their consequences
Behaviour modification
Desired behaviour reinforced; undesired behaviour not reinforced, sometimes punished
Token economy
People earn a token for exhibiting a desired behaviour and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats
Critics maintain
- techniques such as those used in token economics may produce behavious changes thatdisappear when rewards end.
- Deciding which behaviours should change is authoritarian and unethical
Proponents argue
-Treatment with positive rewards is more humane than punishing people or institionalizing them for undesired behaviours
Cognitive therapies
Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Beck’s therapy for depression
- Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to change their perceptions of their own and others actions as, dark, negative, and pessimistic
- People trained to recognize and modify negative self-talk
A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders
The persons emotional reactions are produced not directly by the even but by the persons thoughts in response to the event
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
-Is integrative therapy that combines therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavious therapy (changing behviour)
-Aims to alter the way they act AND the way they think
Helps people learn to make more realisitic appraisals
Group therapy
- Conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing ebenfits from group interaction
- Often used when client problems involve interactions with others
Group therapy benefits
- Saves therapists time and clients money
- Encourages exploration of social behavious and social skill development
- Enables people to see that others share their problems
- Provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving
Family therapy
- Attempts to open up communication withing the family and help family members to discover and use conflict resolution strategies
- Treats the family as a system
- Views an individuals unwanted behaviours as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Is psychotherapy effective?
- Clients positive testimonials cannot prove that psychotherapy is actually effective
- The placebo effect makes it difficult to judge whether improvemnt occurred because of the treatment
- Research indicates that those not undergoing treatment often improve, but those undergoing psychotherapy are more likely toimprove more quickly, and with less chance of relapse
Treatment vs No treatment
the two normal distribution curves based on data from 475 studies show the imporvemnt of untreated poeple and psychotherapy in clients. the outcome for the avergae therapy client surpassed the outcome for 80% of the untreated people
Alternative therapies
Abnormal states often return to normal and the placebo effect can mislead effectivness evaluation
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
Some effectivness shown– not from the eye moevment but rather from the sposure therapy nature of the treatments
Light exposure therapy
Releif from depression symptoms for those with a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones
How do psychotherapies help people
- hope for demoralized people
- new perspective for oneself and the world
- empathetic, trusting, caring relationship (theraputic alliance)
Cultures and Values in psychotherapy
- Psychtherapists personal beliefs and values influence their practice
- Differences in cultural and moral diversity and religious values can create a mismatch
finding a mental health professional
- A person seeking therapy in encourages to ask about
treatment approach
values
credentials
fees
-An important consideration is whether the potential clietn feels comfortable and able to establish a bond with the therapist
psychopharmacology
INcludes study of drug effects on mind and behaviior, has helped make drug therapy most widely used biomedical therapy
Drug therapies
- Are most widely used biomedical treatments
- Include prescribed antidepressants for 27 million americans
- Involve placebo nad double-blind techniques to evaluate drug effectivness
antipsychotic drugs
Mimic certain neurotransmitters (e.g., block or increase activity of
dopamine); reduce overreaction to irrelevant stimuli
May produce sluggishness, tremors, twitches and tardive dyskinesia; Thorazine
Successfully used with life-skills programs and family support to treat schizophrenia
Anti anxiety drugs
- Depress CNS activity; Xanax or ativan
- Used in combination wiht psychological therapy
- May reduce symptoms without resolving undelrying probelms; withdrawl linked to increased anxiety and insomnia
Antidepressant drugs
-Increase availability of norepinephrine or serotonin; promote birth of new brain cells
-Slow synaptic vaccuming up of serotonin (SSRIs)
_effectivness sometimes questioned due to sponteneous recovery and placebo effect
Mood-stabalizing medications
- Dpakote: controlling manic episodes
- Lithium: levels emotional hihgs and low of bipolar disorder
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Manipulates brain by shocking it
- Involves adminstation of general amesthetic and muscle relaxation to prevent convulsions
- Causes less memory disruption than earlier versions
- AMA concluded that ECT methods among most positive treatment effects; reduces suicidal thoughts
- Involves several theories about reason for effectivness
Psychosurgery
- Involves surgery that removes or destorys brain tissue in an effort to change behaviour
- Is irreversible; least used biomedical therapy
Lobotomy
- Psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
- Procedure cut the nerves connecting to the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (Moniz)
- Today, less invasive techniques ued; MRI-guided surgery in severe disorders
Vagus nerve stimulation
Stimulates neck nerve that sends signal to limbis system; increases available serotonin by increasing firing rate of some neurons
Deep brain stimulation
Manipulates depressed brain via pacemaker; stimulates inhibition activity related to negative emottions and thoughts
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
sends magnetic energy to brain surface through coiled wire help close to brain; fewer side effexts; modest effectivness
Traning seminars (therapeutic lifestyle change)
- Human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and social engagement
- Ancestors hunted, gatheres, and built in groups with little evidence ofdisabling depression
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (goals)
Aerobic excersize, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, antirumination, nutritional supplements
Preventive mental health programs work to build resilience
-Based on the idea that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing oppressive, esteem-destroying environments into more benelovent, nurturing environments that foster growth, self-confidence
Resilience
- Involves pesonal strength that helps most poeple cope with stress and recover from adversity and trawma
- Can be seen in new york after 9/11,spinal cord injury patients, halocaust survivors and others
