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Psych102 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological Disorders

A

Significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour.
- disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviours are maladaptive.

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2
Q

“Yesterdays Therapy”

A

Brutal treatments including the trephination evident. (drilling holes in the skull attempting to release evil spirits and cure those with mental disorders)

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3
Q

The Medical Model

A

Search for physical cause of mental disorders and for curative treatments.

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4
Q

The Biophychological approach

A

General appraoch positioning that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors all play a significant role in human functionin in the context of disease or illness.

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5
Q

Psychological Disorders: Biological influences

A
  • Evolution
  • Indivial genes
  • Brain structures and chemisrty
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6
Q

Psychological Disorders: Psychological influences:

A
  • Stress
  • Trauma
  • Mood related perceptions and memories
  • Learned helplessness
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7
Q

Psychological Disorders: Social- cultural influences

A
  • Roles
  • Expectations
  • Defintions of normality and disorder
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8
Q

Diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology

A
  • Predicts the disorder’s future course
  • Suggests appropriate treatment
  • Prompts research into its causes
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9
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A

Describes disorders and estimates their occurrence.

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10
Q

DSM-5 Changes

A
  • label changes ( intellectual disorder)
  • new or altered diagnoses (mood dysregualitons)
  • new categories: hoarding, binge-eating
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11
Q

DSM-5 criticism

A
  • Antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on the fields trials
  • DSM-5 contributes to pathologizing of everyday life
  • Systems labels are society’s value judgments
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12
Q

DSM-5 benefits

A

The system helps mental health professionals communicate and is useful in research

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13
Q

ADHD (Attention- deficit/ hyperactivity disorder)

A
  • Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
  • 11% of Americans 4-17 years gt diagnosed
  • 2.5% have ADHD have symptoms
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14
Q

Are people with psychological disorders dangerous?

A

-Mental disorders seldom lead to violence and clinical prediction of violence is unreliable

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15
Q

Rates of Psychological DIsorders

A
  • Psychological disorder rates vary depending on the time and place of the survey
  • Poverty is a risk factor
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16
Q

percentage of americans reporting selected psychological disorders in the past year

A

see google doc

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17
Q

What increases vulneralility to mental disorders?

A

see google doc

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18
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety

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19
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

The person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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20
Q

Panic disorder

A

Person experience sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the attack might strike

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21
Q

Phobias

A

Person experiences a persistent, irrational fear avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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22
Q

OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)

A
  • Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
  • Takes over everyday life
  • common amnog teens
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23
Q

PTSD

A
  • disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or mre after a traumatic experience
  • higher risk in women
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24
Q

Classical Conditioning - Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD

A

Research helps explain how panic-prone people associate anxiety with certain cues

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25
Q

Stimulus generalization - Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD

A

Research demonstrates how a fearful event can later become a fear of similar events

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26
Q

Reinforcement - Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD

A

(Operant conditioning) Can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia.

27
Q

Cognition

A

Observing others can contribute to development of some fears

-olsson and colleagues: Wild monkey research findings

28
Q

interpretations and expectations

A

shape reactions

-hypervigliance

29
Q

Genes - Biology (Understanding anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD)

A

Genetic predisposition to anxiety, OCD, and PTSD

30
Q

The Brain - Biology (Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD)

A

Trauma linked to new fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, impulse control and habitual behaviour areas of the brain

31
Q

Natural Selection - Biology (Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD)

A

Biological preparedness to fear threats-easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish

32
Q

Major Depressive disorder

A

Person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

33
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

Person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with two other symptoms

34
Q

Less common condition of bipolar disorder

A

Person experiences not only depression but also mania- impulsive behavior

35
Q

Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder (theories must explain)

A
  • Behaviors and thoughts change with depression.
  • Depression is widespread.
  • Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s.
  • Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often precede depression
  • With each new generation, depression is striking earlier in life and affecting more people
36
Q

The depressed brain

A
  • Brain activity slows during depression
  • Left frontal lobe less active
  • Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin
37
Q

The Heritability of Various Psychological Disorers

A
  • Risk increases if family member has disorder
  • Twin studies data estimated heritability of major depression at 37%
  • Linkage analysis points to “chromosome neighborhood”
  • Many genes wokr together and produce interacting small effects that increase risk for depression
38
Q

Ups and Downs of Bipolar disorder

A

PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patients emotional switches. Red areas are where the brain is using energy most rapidly.

39
Q

During depression

A
  • Brain activity slows during depression
  • Left frontal lobe less active
  • Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin
40
Q

Social-cognitive perspective

A
  • Depresssed people view self and world negatively

- Explores how people’s /assumptions and expectations influence their perceptions

41
Q

Depression’s Vicious Cycle

A

see google doc

42
Q

Suicide

A
  • Invovles 1 million people world wide
  • Higher risk with diagnosis of depression
  • More likely to occur when people feel disconnected from or burden others
43
Q

Nonsuicidal self- injury (NSSI)

A

-Cutting, burning oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under nails or skin, self-administered tattooing

44
Q

comparing suicide rates of different groups

A
  • National differences
  • Racial differences
  • Gender differences
  • Age differences and trends
  • Other group differences
  • Day of the week differences
45
Q

Why do people engage in NSSI hurt themselves?

A
  • Gain relief from intense thoughts through the distraction of pain
  • Ask for help and gain attention
  • Releive guilt by self-punishment
  • Get others to change their negative behavior (bullying, criticism)
  • Fit in with a peer group
46
Q

Rates of nonfatal self-injury in the U.S.

A

Self-injury rates peak higher for females than for males (CDC, 2009).

47
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psychological disorder characterised by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

48
Q

Schizophrenia symptoms

A
  • Disturbed perceptions
  • Disorganized thinking and speech
  • Diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions
49
Q

Chronis schizophernia (process schizophrenia)

A

Form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood.

50
Q

Acute schizophrenia (reactive schizophrenia)

A

Dorm of scizophrenia that cna begin at any age, frequently occurs in reponse to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods

51
Q

Brain chemistry (Brain abnormalities)

A

-Excess number of dopamine receptors

52
Q

Abnormal brain activity and anatomy (brain abnormalities)

A
  • Problems with several brain regions and their interconnections
  • low activity in frontal lobes
  • More rapid brain tissue loss
53
Q

Genetics & risk(schizophrenia)

A
  • Odds of being diagnosed are nearly 1 in 100; in 10 for those diagnosed with a family member
  • adopted children risk is related to biological parent
  • influenced by many genes
  • Epigenetic factors gene expression
54
Q

Prenatal environment and risk

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Lack of oxygen during delivery
  • Maternal preternal nutrition
  • Midpregnancy viral infection (e.g., flu, dense population, season of birth)
55
Q

Schizophrenia warning signs

A
  • Social withdrawl or other abnormal behavior
  • Mother with severe and lon-lasting schizophrenia
  • Birth complications
  • Seperation from parents
  • Short attention span and poor muscle coordination
  • Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
  • Emotional unpredictability
  • Poor peer relations and solo play
  • Childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse
56
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

Conscious awareness becomes seperated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

57
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

Rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalilties– formerly called multiple personality disorder

58
Q

Personalitly disorder

A

Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. this disorder formsthree clusters, characterized by anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behaviors

59
Q

Antisocial personalty disorder

A

-Lack of consciece for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; impulsive, fearless, irresponsible; some genetic tendencies, incuding low arousal

60
Q

anorexia nervosa (eating disorder)

A

Person (usually an adolecent female) maintains starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

61
Q

Bulimia nervosa (eating disorder)

A

Person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive excersize

62
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

Significant binge eating, folloed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive excersize that marks bulimia nervosa

63
Q

understanding eating disorders

A

Psychological factors can overwhelm the body’s tendency to maintain a normal weight
-Cultural pressures, low self-esteem, and negative emotions interact with stressful life experiences and genetics to produce eating disorders

Psych102 (2 decks)

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