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A&P 2 Chapter 16 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

long distance chemical signals that travel the blood or lymph

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2
Q

two types of hormones?

A

Amino acid based hormones and steroid hormones

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3
Q

Amino acid based hormone?

A

amines, thyroxine, proteins, and peptides

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4
Q

what hormone is synthesized from cholesterol? This class includes gonadal and adrenocorticoid homromes

A

steroid hormones

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5
Q

what are two mechanisms of hormone action?

A

Water soluble hormones and lipid soluble hormones

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6
Q

Know that all water soluble hormones are all amino acid based except?

A

thyroid

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7
Q

___________ act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes ( directly diffuse into cell)

A

lipid soluble hormones

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8
Q

______ bind to receptors thru secondary messengers

A

water soluble hormones

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9
Q

Steps of mechanisms of hormone actions

A
  1. alter plasma membrane permeability pf membrane potential by opening and closing ion channels
  2. stimulate synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules
  3. activate/ deactivate enzyme systems
  4. induce secretory activity
  5. stimulate mitosis
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10
Q

cAMP steps

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor changes shape, activate G protein inside the cell.
  3. GTP binds to G protein, activate adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
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11
Q

What is up regulation?

A

target cells form more receptors

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12
Q

What is down regulation?

A

target cell loses receptors

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13
Q

hormones can act in several different ways, what are the 3 ways?

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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14
Q

What is it called when one hormone cant work w/o another one present?

A

permissivness

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15
Q

What is synergism?

A

more than one hormone can produce the same effect on a target cell

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16
Q

what Is it called when one or more hormone oppose the action of another?

A

antagonism

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17
Q

intracellular receptors ( steroid hormones and thyroid hormone)

A
  1. diffuse into target cell, bond w intracellular receptors
  2. receptor- hormone complex enters nucleus
  3. receptor hormone binds to DNA
  4. prompts DNA transcription-> mRNA
  5. mRNA direct protein synthesis
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18
Q

target cell activation depends on what three things?

A
  1. blood level of hormone
  2. # of hormone receptors on or in target cell
  3. affinity of binding between hormone and receptor
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19
Q

blood level of hormones are controlled by

A

negative feedback systems

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20
Q

hormones are synthesized and released in response to?

A
  • humoral stimuli
  • neural stimuli
  • hormonal stimuli
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21
Q

changes blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones is what stimuli?

A

humoral

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22
Q

ex of humoral stimuli?

A

Ca2+ in de blood

Declining ca@+ in the blood stimulate PTG to release PTH and then the Ca2+ levels rise and stimulus is removed

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23
Q

Neural/ hormonal stimuli?

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release. hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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24
Q

the pituitary gland has two lobes called what

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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25
what makes up the anterior pituitary?
pituicytes and nerve fibers
26
what makes up the posterior pituitary?
glandular tissue
27
Anterior pituitary hormones are all ______ except _____ activate cAMP
proteins and GH
28
Which hormones are tropic?
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
29
name all the anterior pituitary hormones
GH, TSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, FSH
30
_____ are cell of pituitary that directly target body cell growth. These cells produce what hormone?
Somatotrophs and Growth hormone
31
Hypersecretion of GH
kids- gigantism | adults- acromegaly
32
Hyposecretion of GH
pituitary dwarfism
33
Hypersecretion of TH
graves disease
34
Hyposecretion of TH
myxedema | kids- cretinism
35
hyperseretion of glucocorticoids
cushings syndrome
36
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids
addisons disease
37
alcohol inhibit the release of
ADH
38
____ also know as vasopressin
ADH
39
_______ respond to changes in the solute concentration of the blood
hypothalamic osmoreceptors
40
if solute concentration is high _____ depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamic neurons
osmoreceptors
41
if solute concentration is low, ____ is not released, allowing water loss
ADH
42
the _____ consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median mass called an _____
thyroid and isthmus
43
____ Is the most important hormone on Ca2+ homeostasis
PTH
44
The parathyroid gland contain _____ cells and _____ cells that secret PTH
oxyphil and chief
45
Adrealn medulla v Adrenal cortex
medulla- nervous tissue, part of SNS | cortex- three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids
46
3 layers of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa zone fasiciculata zona reticularis
47
zone glomerulosa is
mineralcorticoids- aldosterone
48
zona fasciculate is
glucocorticoids- cortisol
49
zona reticularis
sex hormone, androgens, gonadocorticoids
50
_____ leads to production of androgens and estrogen
DHEA
51
_____ is the most important mineralcorticoid?
Aldosterone ( regulate electrolytes)
52
_____ is the most significant glucocorticoid. It's prime metabolic effect is _____ which is formation of glucose from fats and proteins
Cortisol, gluconeogensis
53
glycogenolysis
break down of glycogen to glucose
54
glyconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbs
55
____ ells secrete ___% epinephrine and __% norepinephrine
chromaffin, 80, 20
56
What is epinephrine?
stimulates metabolic activites, bronchial dilation, and blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart
57
what is norepinephrine?
influences vasoconstriction and BP, concentration
58
Alpha cells
produce glucagon ( a hyperglycemic hormone)
59
beta cells
produce insulin ( a hypoglycemic hormone)
60
aldosterone secretion mechanism
1. RAAS: kidney secrete renin, triggers angitension ll formation 2. K+ concentration; increased K+ stimulates zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone 3. ACTH: cause slight increase in aldosterone during stress 4. ANP: block renin and aldosterone; decrease BP
61
Growth hormone (GH)
S: A. Pituitary T: body cells, bones, muscles A: growth and development Produced by somatotrophs
62
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
S: a. pituitary T: thyroid A: regulate thyroid hormones Produced by thyrotrophs
63
ACTH
S: A. pituitary T: Cortex A: regulate cortex hormones produced by corticotrophs
64
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
S: A. pituitary T: ovaries/ testes A: stimulate egg production secreted by gonadotrophs
65
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
S: A. pituitary T: ovaries/ testes A: ovulation/ sex hormone release secreted by gonadotrophs
66
Prolactin (PRL)
S: A. pituitary T: breasts A: milk secretion
67
ADH
S: P. pituitary T: kidneys A: water balance, BP
68
oxytocin
S: P. pituitary T: uterus, breasts A: uterine contraction, milk secretion
69
Thyroid gland is composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein
thyroglobulin
70
_____ ( thyroglobulin+iodine) fills the ___ of the follicles and is the precursor to ____
colloid, lumen, thyroid hormone
71
Parafollicular cells produce
calcitonin
72
thyroid hormone (thyroxine)
S: thyroid T: body cells A: regulate metabolism
73
calcitonin
S: thyroid gland T: adrenal cortex A: reulate cortex hormones secreted by parafollicular cells
74
Parathyroid hormone
S: parathyroid T: bone matrix A: raise blood calcium

A&P 2 Chapter 16 (3 decks)

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