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A&P 2 Chapter 16 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

long distance chemical signals that travel the blood or lymph

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2
Q

two types of hormones?

A

Amino acid based hormones and steroid hormones

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3
Q

Amino acid based hormone?

A

amines, thyroxine, proteins, and peptides

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4
Q

what hormone is synthesized from cholesterol? This class includes gonadal and adrenocorticoid homromes

A

steroid hormones

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5
Q

what are two mechanisms of hormone action?

A

Water soluble hormones and lipid soluble hormones

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6
Q

Know that all water soluble hormones are all amino acid based except?

A

thyroid

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7
Q

___________ act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes ( directly diffuse into cell)

A

lipid soluble hormones

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8
Q

______ bind to receptors thru secondary messengers

A

water soluble hormones

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9
Q

Steps of mechanisms of hormone actions

A
  1. alter plasma membrane permeability pf membrane potential by opening and closing ion channels
  2. stimulate synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules
  3. activate/ deactivate enzyme systems
  4. induce secretory activity
  5. stimulate mitosis
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10
Q

cAMP steps

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor changes shape, activate G protein inside the cell.
  3. GTP binds to G protein, activate adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
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11
Q

What is up regulation?

A

target cells form more receptors

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12
Q

What is down regulation?

A

target cell loses receptors

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13
Q

hormones can act in several different ways, what are the 3 ways?

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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14
Q

What is it called when one hormone cant work w/o another one present?

A

permissivness

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15
Q

What is synergism?

A

more than one hormone can produce the same effect on a target cell

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16
Q

what Is it called when one or more hormone oppose the action of another?

A

antagonism

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17
Q

intracellular receptors ( steroid hormones and thyroid hormone)

A
  1. diffuse into target cell, bond w intracellular receptors
  2. receptor- hormone complex enters nucleus
  3. receptor hormone binds to DNA
  4. prompts DNA transcription-> mRNA
  5. mRNA direct protein synthesis
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18
Q

target cell activation depends on what three things?

A
  1. blood level of hormone
  2. # of hormone receptors on or in target cell
  3. affinity of binding between hormone and receptor
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19
Q

blood level of hormones are controlled by

A

negative feedback systems

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20
Q

hormones are synthesized and released in response to?

A
  • humoral stimuli
  • neural stimuli
  • hormonal stimuli
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21
Q

changes blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones is what stimuli?

A

humoral

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22
Q

ex of humoral stimuli?

A

Ca2+ in de blood

Declining ca@+ in the blood stimulate PTG to release PTH and then the Ca2+ levels rise and stimulus is removed

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23
Q

Neural/ hormonal stimuli?

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release. hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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24
Q

the pituitary gland has two lobes called what

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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25
Q

what makes up the anterior pituitary?

A

pituicytes and nerve fibers

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26
Q

what makes up the posterior pituitary?

A

glandular tissue

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27
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones are all ______ except _____ activate cAMP

A

proteins and GH

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28
Q

Which hormones are tropic?

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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29
Q

name all the anterior pituitary hormones

A

GH, TSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, FSH

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30
Q

_____ are cell of pituitary that directly target body cell growth. These cells produce what hormone?

A

Somatotrophs and Growth hormone

31
Q

Hypersecretion of GH

A

kids- gigantism

adults- acromegaly

32
Q

Hyposecretion of GH

A

pituitary dwarfism

33
Q

Hypersecretion of TH

A

graves disease

34
Q

Hyposecretion of TH

A

myxedema

kids- cretinism

35
Q

hyperseretion of glucocorticoids

A

cushings syndrome

36
Q

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids

A

addisons disease

37
Q

alcohol inhibit the release of

A

ADH

38
Q

____ also know as vasopressin

A

ADH

39
Q

_______ respond to changes in the solute concentration of the blood

A

hypothalamic osmoreceptors

40
Q

if solute concentration is high _____ depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamic neurons

A

osmoreceptors

41
Q

if solute concentration is low, ____ is not released, allowing water loss

A

ADH

42
Q

the _____ consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median mass called an _____

A

thyroid and isthmus

43
Q

____ Is the most important hormone on Ca2+ homeostasis

A

PTH

44
Q

The parathyroid gland contain _____ cells and _____ cells that secret PTH

A

oxyphil and chief

45
Q

Adrealn medulla v Adrenal cortex

A

medulla- nervous tissue, part of SNS

cortex- three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids

46
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zone fasiciculata
zona reticularis

47
Q

zone glomerulosa is

A

mineralcorticoids- aldosterone

48
Q

zona fasciculate is

A

glucocorticoids- cortisol

49
Q

zona reticularis

A

sex hormone, androgens, gonadocorticoids

50
Q

_____ leads to production of androgens and estrogen

A

DHEA

51
Q

_____ is the most important mineralcorticoid?

A

Aldosterone ( regulate electrolytes)

52
Q

_____ is the most significant glucocorticoid. It’s prime metabolic effect is _____ which is formation of glucose from fats and proteins

A

Cortisol, gluconeogensis

53
Q

glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen to glucose

54
Q

glyconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbs

55
Q

____ ells secrete ___% epinephrine and __% norepinephrine

A

chromaffin, 80, 20

56
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

stimulates metabolic activites, bronchial dilation, and blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart

57
Q

what is norepinephrine?

A

influences vasoconstriction and BP, concentration

58
Q

Alpha cells

A

produce glucagon ( a hyperglycemic hormone)

59
Q

beta cells

A

produce insulin ( a hypoglycemic hormone)

60
Q

aldosterone secretion mechanism

A
  1. RAAS: kidney secrete renin, triggers angitension ll formation
  2. K+ concentration; increased K+ stimulates zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone
  3. ACTH: cause slight increase in aldosterone during stress
  4. ANP: block renin and aldosterone; decrease BP
61
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

S: A. Pituitary
T: body cells, bones, muscles
A: growth and development
Produced by somatotrophs

62
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

S: a. pituitary
T: thyroid
A: regulate thyroid hormones
Produced by thyrotrophs

63
Q

ACTH

A

S: A. pituitary
T: Cortex
A: regulate cortex hormones
produced by corticotrophs

64
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

S: A. pituitary
T: ovaries/ testes
A: stimulate egg production
secreted by gonadotrophs

65
Q

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

A

S: A. pituitary
T: ovaries/ testes
A: ovulation/ sex hormone release
secreted by gonadotrophs

66
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

S: A. pituitary
T: breasts
A: milk secretion

67
Q

ADH

A

S: P. pituitary
T: kidneys
A: water balance, BP

68
Q

oxytocin

A

S: P. pituitary
T: uterus, breasts
A: uterine contraction, milk secretion

69
Q

Thyroid gland is composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein

A

thyroglobulin

70
Q

_____ ( thyroglobulin+iodine) fills the ___ of the follicles and is the precursor to ____

A

colloid, lumen, thyroid hormone

71
Q

Parafollicular cells produce

A

calcitonin

72
Q

thyroid hormone (thyroxine)

A

S: thyroid
T: body cells
A: regulate metabolism

73
Q

calcitonin

A

S: thyroid gland
T: adrenal cortex
A: reulate cortex hormones
secreted by parafollicular cells

74
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

S: parathyroid
T: bone matrix
A: raise blood calcium

A&P 2 Chapter 16 (3 decks)

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