Chapter 16

Question 1

motivated bx

Answer 1

behavior that is incited to achieve a goal

Question 2

anabolism

Answer 2

the biosynthesis of organic molecules from nutritive precursors

Question 3

catabolism

Answer 3

the breaking down of complex nutrient molecules into simpler molecules

Question 4

obesity

Answer 4

a state of positive energy balance in which energy intake and storage exceed energy expenditure, resulting in an increase in body fat

Question 5

starvation

Answer 5

a state of negative energy balance in which energy intake fails to meet the body’s demands, resulting in a loss of fat tissue

Question 6

lipostatic hypothesis

Answer 6

a hypothesis proposing that body fat is maintained homeostatically at a specific level

Question 7

leptin

Answer 7

a protein hormone released by adipocytes (fat cells) that communicates with neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 8

anorexia

Answer 8

a state of negative energy balance in which energy expenditure exceeds energy intake

Question 9

lateral hypothalamic syndrome

Answer 9

anorexia associated with lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area

Question 10

ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome

Answer 10

obesity associated with lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area

Question 11

arcuate nucleus

Answer 11

arcuate nucleus in the periventricular area of the hypothalamus containing a large number of neurons sensitive to changes in leptin levels, contributing to the regulation of energy balance

Question 12

paraventricular nucleus

Answer 12

a region of the hypothalamus involved in the regulation of the autonomic NS and in controlling the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary

Question 13

anorectic peptide

Answer 13

a neuroactive peptide that acts to inhibit feeding bx; examples are cholecystokinin (CCK), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (aMSH), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART)

Question 14

orexigenic peptide

Answer 14

a neuroactive peptide that stimulates feeding bx; examples are neuro-peptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and orexin

Question 15

lateral hypothalamic area

Answer 15

a poorly defined region of the hypothalamus that has been implicated in the motivation of bx

Question 16

satiety signal

Answer 16

a factor that reduces the drive to eat without causing sickness; examples are gastric distension and cholecystokinin released by the intestinal cells in response to food

Question 17

ghrelin

Answer 17

a peptide secreted by cells in the stomach that stimulates appetite by activating orexigenic neurons int he hypothalamus

Question 18

vagus nerve

Answer 18

cranial nerve X, arising from the medulla and innervating the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities; a major source of preganglionic parasympathetic visceromotor axons

Question 19

nucleus of the solitary tract

Answer 19

a brain stem nucleus that receives sensory input and uses it to coordinate autonomic function via its outputs to other brain stem and forebrain nuclei and to the hypothalamus

Question 20

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 20

a peptide found within some neurons of the central and peripheral NS’s and in some endothelial cells lining the upper gastrointestinal tract; a satiety signal that inhibits feeding bx, in part, by acting on axons of the vagus nerve that respond to gastric distension

Question 21

insulin

Answer 21

a hormone released by the beta cells of the pancreas; regulates blood glucose levels by controlling the expression of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane of non-neuronal cells

Question 22

electrical self-stimulation

Answer 22

electrical stimulation that an animal can voluntarily deliver to a portion of its brain

Question 23

anorexia nervosa

Answer 23

a psychiatric disorder characterized by an obsession with food, an intense fear of gaining weight, and voluntary maintenance of weight at below-normal levels

Question 24

bulimia nervosa

Answer 24

a psychiatric disorder characterized by large, uncontrolled eating binges followed by compensatory bx, such as forced vomiting

Question 25

volumetric thirst

Answer 25

the motivation to drink water as a result of a decrease in blood volume

Question 26

vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Answer 26

a specialized region of the hypothalamus containing neurons that are sensitive to blood tonicity; they activate magnocellular neurosecretory cells to release vasopressin in to the blood, triggering osmometric thirst

Question 27

osmometric thirst

Answer 27

the motivation to drink water as a result of an increase in blood tonicity