Chapter 16 Flashcards
motivated bx
behavior that is incited to achieve a goal
anabolism
the biosynthesis of organic molecules from nutritive precursors
catabolism
the breaking down of complex nutrient molecules into simpler molecules
obesity
a state of positive energy balance in which energy intake and storage exceed energy expenditure, resulting in an increase in body fat
starvation
a state of negative energy balance in which energy intake fails to meet the body’s demands, resulting in a loss of fat tissue
lipostatic hypothesis
a hypothesis proposing that body fat is maintained homeostatically at a specific level
leptin
a protein hormone released by adipocytes (fat cells) that communicates with neurons of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
anorexia
a state of negative energy balance in which energy expenditure exceeds energy intake
lateral hypothalamic syndrome
anorexia associated with lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area
ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome
obesity associated with lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area
arcuate nucleus
arcuate nucleus in the periventricular area of the hypothalamus containing a large number of neurons sensitive to changes in leptin levels, contributing to the regulation of energy balance
paraventricular nucleus
a region of the hypothalamus involved in the regulation of the autonomic NS and in controlling the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary
anorectic peptide
a neuroactive peptide that acts to inhibit feeding bx; examples are cholecystokinin (CCK), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (aMSH), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART)
orexigenic peptide
a neuroactive peptide that stimulates feeding bx; examples are neuro-peptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and orexin
lateral hypothalamic area
a poorly defined region of the hypothalamus that has been implicated in the motivation of bx
satiety signal
a factor that reduces the drive to eat without causing sickness; examples are gastric distension and cholecystokinin released by the intestinal cells in response to food
ghrelin
a peptide secreted by cells in the stomach that stimulates appetite by activating orexigenic neurons int he hypothalamus
vagus nerve
cranial nerve X, arising from the medulla and innervating the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities; a major source of preganglionic parasympathetic visceromotor axons
nucleus of the solitary tract
a brain stem nucleus that receives sensory input and uses it to coordinate autonomic function via its outputs to other brain stem and forebrain nuclei and to the hypothalamus
cholecystokinin (CCK)
a peptide found within some neurons of the central and peripheral NS’s and in some endothelial cells lining the upper gastrointestinal tract; a satiety signal that inhibits feeding bx, in part, by acting on axons of the vagus nerve that respond to gastric distension
insulin
a hormone released by the beta cells of the pancreas; regulates blood glucose levels by controlling the expression of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane of non-neuronal cells
electrical self-stimulation
electrical stimulation that an animal can voluntarily deliver to a portion of its brain
anorexia nervosa
a psychiatric disorder characterized by an obsession with food, an intense fear of gaining weight, and voluntary maintenance of weight at below-normal levels
bulimia nervosa
a psychiatric disorder characterized by large, uncontrolled eating binges followed by compensatory bx, such as forced vomiting
volumetric thirst
the motivation to drink water as a result of a decrease in blood volume
vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
a specialized region of the hypothalamus containing neurons that are sensitive to blood tonicity; they activate magnocellular neurosecretory cells to release vasopressin in to the blood, triggering osmometric thirst
osmometric thirst
the motivation to drink water as a result of an increase in blood tonicity
