Chapter 16 Flashcards
what is plasma function and what is it made up of?
Composed mainly of water, electrolytes, nutrients, and proteins. It functions to transport nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body.
What is white blood cells function and what are they made up of?
Includes cells like neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. They play a crucial role in the body’s immune response.
What are red blood cells made up of and what are their functions?
Their function is to cary oxygen and carbon dioxide and is made up of hemoglobin
What are platelets and what are their functions?
Crucial in blood clotting; they adhere to damaged blood vessel walls and aggregate to form a plug.
What proteins are found in plasma?
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
Made up of four polypeptide chains (two alpha and two beta chains), each with a heme group containing iron that binds oxygen.
What is the main function of hemoglobin?
Enables RBCs to efficiently pick up oxygen in the lungs and release it in tissues.
What is billirubin?
When RBCs are broken down, hemoglobin is split into heme and globin; heme is converted to bilirubin.
What is Erythropoiesis?
the process of producing red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow
What stimulates erythropoiesis?
Hypoxia- low oxygen levels which is detected by kidney
What does the body do to fix hypoxia?
Erythropoietin (EPO) is secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen; it stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow.
What is hemostasis?
the body’s physiological process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel is damaged
What are the three stages of hemostasis?
Vascular phase, Platelet phase and coagulation phase
Describe what happens during the first stage of hemostasis
Vascular Phase:
Vasoconstriction: Immediate constriction of the blood vessel to reduce blood loss.
Endothelial Response: Endothelial cells release factors that enhance vasoconstriction and initiate platelet adhesion.
What is the second stage of hemostasis?
Platelets Role:
Activation: Platelets become activated upon contact with exposed collagen.
Aggregation: They stick to the site of injury and each other, forming a platelet plug.
Secretion: Release granules containing chemicals that further the clotting process.
What is the intrinsic coagulation phase?
Triggered by damage inside the vessel, involving factors like XII, XI, IX, and VIII.
What is extrinsic pathway of coagulation phase?
Triggered by external trauma that exposes tissue factor, rapidly activating Factor VII.
what is the common pathway?
Converges on Factor X, which is activated into Xa.
recite coagulation phase
Coagulation Pathways:
Extrinsic Pathway: Triggered by external trauma that exposes tissue factor, rapidly activating Factor VII.
Intrinsic Pathway: Triggered by damage inside the vessel, involving factors like XII, XI, IX, and VIII.
Common Pathway: Converges on Factor X, which is activated into Xa.
Thrombin Formation: Xa leads to the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Fibrin Formation: Thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands, cementing the clot.
d. Fibrinolysis:
Plasminogen Activation: Incorporated into the clot; activated to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
Plasmin Action: Digest fibrin strands, dissolving the clot and gradually restoring normal blood flow.
