Chapter 16 Flashcards
What was the first type of stimulant drug reported to be used by boxers and other athletes in the 1800s?
Stychine
What was the first type of drug known to be widely used in international competition and that led to the first Olympic urine-testing programs?
When and in what country were the selective anabolic steroids first developed?
Describe the basic process of building muscles and how steroids affect this process.
Bundles of thousands of fibers make up the muscle itself. This structure is damaged when a person engages in a vigorous workout, causing microtrauma in the muscle fiber. The body naturally repairs this damage by healing the fibers. The result is a muscle that is larger and stronger than before, and with each additional workout the person adds bulk and strength. Steroids speed up the muscle repair and recovery process.
What muscle effect do we know for certain that anabolic steroids can produce in healthy males?
Tissue building. Increase muscle mass.
What specific effect of anabolic steroids might be of concern to young users and to females?
In women: Decreased breast size, enlargement of clitoris, increased facial hair and deepening of voice.
In young users: Premature closure of he growth plates of the long bones.
How does EPO work to improve athletic performance?
It stimulates the formation of red blood cells. More red blood cells mean more haemoglobin. Therefore the blood can carry more oxygen. The body has less reliance on anaerobic respiration. Therefore more energy will be available.
How does creatine increase strength?
Helps to regenerate ATP, which provides the energy for muscle contractions. Users tend to gain weight and improve strength.
Do amphetamines and caffeine actually enhance athletic performance? If so, how much?
Studies suggests that most athletes perform better but they the improvement is small. Improves endurance under laboratory conditions, but may need large amounts of caffeine
