Chapter 16

Question 1

What makes behaviour abnormal

Answer 1

Three D’s: distress, dysfunction, deviance

Question 2

How are psychological disorders diagnosed?

Answer 2

Using DSM-5 categorical system
Must be reliable: based on observable behaviours that can be reliably detected to avoid subjective judgements
Must be valid

Question 3

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 3

Have emotional, cognitive, physiological, and behavioural components
GAD, OCD, Panic Disorder, phobias, PTSD
- hereditary factors may cause over activity in neurotransmitter system involved in emotional responses
- GABA activity may cause people to have anxiety
- early childhood stressors/ trauma
- emotional conditioning

Question 4

Mood Disorders:

Answer 4

Chronic depression, Major depression, bipolar disorder, SAD
- genetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors
Bipolar has stronger genetic basis
- Freud believed early traumatic loss played a factor
- Learned helplessness theory
- cognitive triad: negative thoughts concerning the world, oneself, and the future
Children of depressed parents are more likely to be depressed

Question 5

Behavioural activation

Answer 5

Behaviour theorists believe depressed people need to force themselves to engage in some activity that will engine some feelings of pleasure.

Question 6

Dissociative disorders:

Answer 6

Dissociative amnesia: person responds to trauma with selective memory loss
Dissociative fugue: person forgets their identity and goes away and creates a new one, person usually “wakes up” and remembers old life
DID: multiple personalities caused by severe trauma or abuse in childhood.

Question 7

Somatic symptom disorders:

Answer 7

Physical symptoms with no biological cause
Pain disorder: phantom pain
Functional neurological symptom disorder: paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness occurs suddenly
- rare, occurs more during wartimes, tends to run in families

Question 8

Schizophrenia:

Answer 8

Psychotic disorder that involves severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion, and behaviour.
Type 1: Positive symptoms: hallucinations, delusions,
Type 2: Negative symptoms: withdrawal from social connections, lack of emotional expression, absence of normal speech
- brain abnormalities: destruction of neural tissue
- genetic predisposition, caused by over activity of dopamine
- stressful life events
- higher numbers in lower socioeconomic populations
Social drift hypothesis: people with this disorder have lower personal training and occupational functioning so they move down the socioeconomic ladder

Question 9

Personality disorders:

Answer 9

• long patterns of maladaptive thinking and behaviour. They react to situations in innapropriate ways and cope unhealthily. May have poor emotional controls and interpersonal skills.
  Antisocial personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
  Many suggest physiological basis: dysfunction in brain structures that control emotional arousal; amygdala and prefrontal cortex.
• MAOA gene is deficient in antisocial pd people
  BPD is often diagnosed in people who experienced childhood trauma or abuse
• genetic components

Question 10

Childhood and old age disorders:

Answer 10

ADHD
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dementia

Question 11

Attributional style

Answer 11

Factor in developing depression
Whether you attribute negative events to your own doing to other circumstances. (Internalized or environmental attributions)