Chapter 14 Flashcards
Freud’s psychodynamic theory:
Psychodynamic theorist looks for the causes of behaviour in dynamic interplay of inner forces in conflict with each other
Freud explored the unconscious mind after seeing conversion hysteria
Freud considered personality an energy system
Pleasure principle:
Drive for instant need gratification and is characteristic of the id
Freud’s three personality structures:
Id: unconscious, exists to fill primal needs
Ego: conscious level, reality principle
Superego: moral arm of personality, considers society as a whole
Defence mechanisms:
Repression: dealing with anxiety by moving thoughts out of conscious mind
Displacement: when id does not achieve goal secondary goal is created as diversion
Sublimination: urge redirected inline with what superego wants
Reaction formation: blocking urge completely by engaging in opposite behaviour
Rationalization: urge reinterpreted in acceptable terms
Projection: own urges seen in others: I hate you becomes you hate me
Isolation: memories allowed back into conscious with no emotions attached
Regression: revert back into earlier developmental stage behaviour
Conversion: trauma converted into a physical symptom
Neoanalytic models:
Object relations: psychodynamic - focus on images or mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience with caregiver
Social interactions are viewed through the lens of these early experiences according to object relations theorists i.e. attachment style
Attachment theory is an outgrowth of object relations
Psychodynamic clinicians and theorists rely on object relations more than classic psychoanalytic theory
How does Freud’s theory hold up under research?
Kinda bad.
Carl Rogers Humanistic Theory:
The self
Self plays powerful role in guiding our
Behaviour and perceptions.
Self develops during early childhood - ability to distinguish between self and environment
Self concept - develops in response to life experience
Self consistency
Self-consistency refers to the absence of conflict among self perceptions and exists to maintain the self concept
Congruence refers to consistency between self perceptions and experience
Any experience inconsistent with our self concept including perceptions of our own behaviour evokes threat and anxiety
Self-esteem
Self esteem is related to many positive behaviours and life outcomes
People with poor self esteem have a higher chance of anxiety and pression as well as physical illness and poor social relationships
Those with low self esteem have a hard time getting out of a bad mood
Positive feedback can help improve self esteem
Carl Rogers believed we were born with a need for positive regard
OCEAN five factor model
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, measured through testing that gives levels for each trait telling you if you score high or low on each other them
Researchers found a powerful association between the big 5 traits and health
Different traits were associated with an increased or decreased risk of a number of serious health problems including mental health issues
Social cognitive approach to personality:
Social cognitive theorists focus on both internal and external factors of personality
Reciprocal determinism: the person, their behaviour, and the environment all influence each other in a pattern of two way causal links
What does expectancy and reinforcement mean in social cognitive psychology?
Julian Rotter laid foundation for social cognitive approach
Likelihood we will engage in a particular behaviour in a given situation is influenced by expectancy and reinforcement
Expectancy is our perception of how likely it is that certain consequences will occur if we engage in a particular behaviour within a specific situation
Reinforcement value is how much we desire or dread the outcome that we expect the behaviour to produce
Locus of control
concept from rotter, expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives
People with an internal locus of control believe life outcomes are largely under personal control
External locus of control is when you believe external factors have more to do with outcomes then personal factors
I-E scale developed to measure individual differences in locus of control
Relationship between entitlement and locus of control was found
Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy: the conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to produce a desired outcome
People with high self efficacy have confidence in their ability to do what it takes to overcome obstacles and achieve their goals
Personality assessments
Personality scales and self ratings
Interview data
Behavioural assessment
Responses on projective tests
Ratings by other people/ reports from family
Physiological measures -
