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chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Seeked a new route to Asia hoping to find gold, silver, and other valuable resources
First transatlantic voyage by him in 1492 was the Columbian Exchange

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2
Q

conquistadores

A

Spanish conquerors such as Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Columbus
Brought smallpox with them

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3
Q

colonies

A

claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country

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4
Q

Aztec Empire

A

Late 15th and early 16th century
Collapsed relatively soon after the arrival of Europeans
Accumulated numerous enemies throughout Mesoamerica as a result of the empire’s militaristic actions toward its neighbors

read more about story on page 306

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5
Q

Inca Empire

A

Late 15th and early 16th century
Collapsed relatively soon after the arrival of Europeans
In 1532, Francisco Pizarro and his crew attacked the Inca in Peru and captured their ruler Atahualpa

read more about story on page 306-307

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6
Q

Hernán Cortés

A

Alongside his small band of conquistadors, he exploited the divisions among Mesoamerica’s indigenous groups and marched on the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán

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7
Q

New Spain

A

control Cortés quickly took control of the entire Aztec empire and founded the colony of New Spain

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8
Q

Tenochtitlán

A

Aztec capital that as marched on and exploited by Hernán Cortés

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9
Q

Mexico City

A

Spaniards destroyed Tenochtitlán and built their own capital, Mexico City, on its ruins

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10
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Alongside his crew, he attacked the Inca in Peru and captured the ruler

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11
Q

Atahualpa

A

Ruler of the Inca in Peru
Was attacked and captured by Francisco Pizarro
He was offered to be released if the Inca filled a large room of gold which they did. However, Atahualpa was killed anyways

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12
Q

Lima

A

Colonial capital in Peru that administered lands from as far north as present-day Panama to as far south as Argentina

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13
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

1494
Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, with Spain reserving all lands to the west of the meridian that went through eastern South America while Portugal reserved all lands east of this north-south line

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14
Q

viceroys

A

Appointed by Spanish royalty to act as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown

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15
Q

audiencias

A

Established by Spain to keep the viceroys from operating independently of the crown
Royal courts which Spanish settlers could appeal viceroys’ decisions or policies

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16
Q

Jacques Cartier

A

French explorer who sailed from the Atlantic Ocean into the St. Lawrence River at today’s northern U.S. border. Did not find a new route to Asia but he did claim part of what is now Canada for France.

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17
Q

Samuel de Champlain

A

Explorer who realized that there were valuable goods and rich resources available in the Americas, so there was no need to go beyond to Asia

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18
Q

Quebec

A

In 1608, the Spanish and French established a town and trading post they named Quebec

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19
Q

New France

A

French colony in North America

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20
Q

John Cabot

A

English king sent an explorer named John Cabot to America to look for a northwest passage
Cabot claimed lands from Newfoundland south to the Chesapeake Bay
He did not have enough sea power to defend themselves from Spanish naval forces

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21
Q

Virginia

A

English established a colony in land called Virginia

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22
Q

Jamestown

A

In 1607, English colonists traveled approx. 60 miles inland from the coast where they built a settlement called Jamestown on the James River

23
Q

Henry Hudson

A

In 1609, the Dutch sent Henry Hudson to explore the East Coast of North America
He sailed up what became known as the Hudson River to see if it led to Asia

24
Q

New Amsterdam

A

Dutch used Henry Hudson’s voyage as the basis of claims to the Hudson River Valley and the island of Manhattan, where they set up a town called New Amsterdam
used this port town as an important node in their transatlantic trade network

25
Q

caravel

A

a small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century, allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships

26
Q

smallpox

A

Spread through the respiratory system
Brought to the natives by Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Columbus
Europeans were immune but the indigenous populations weren’t
Population decrease of the natives

27
Q

Hispaniola

A

the name Columbus gave the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Columbus was convinced that gold was plentiful on Hispaniola

28
Q

Potosí

A

In the Andes Mountains in modern-day Peru
Became a thriving center of silver mining

29
Q

galleons

A

Mexican silver made its way across the Pacific Ocean to East Asia in these heavily-armed Spanish ships that made stops in the Philippines

30
Q

sugarcane

A

Brazil with its tropical climate and vast tracts of land was perfect for sugarcane cultivation
Demanded the constant importation of African labor

31
Q

northwest passage

A

French, English, and Dutch explorers all looked for a northwest passage
A route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia

32
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

widespread sharing of animals, plants, cultures, ideas, technologies, and diseases between Afro-Eurasian cultures and the native peoples of America

33
Q

Tainos

A

a group of Arawaks native to the Caribbean
majority of deaths were caused by disease

34
Q

Nahuatl

A

Language of the Aztec
Cortés ordered the burning of native books because they were thought to be unholy so barely any original accounts of Nahuatl exist today

35
Q

Florentine Codex

A

in 1545, a Spanish priest named Bernardino de Sahagún compiled the Florentine Codex
One of the most widely cited sources about Aztec life before and after the conquest
Codex=type of book

36
Q

Virgin of Guadalupe

A

In Mexico, a cult developed around the dark complexion Virgin of Guadalupe
Revered for her ability to perform miracels

37
Q

Vodun

A

Descendant of West African animist traditions, practiced mainly in Haiti and includes some elements of Catholicism
Sometimes referred to as “Voodoo”

38
Q

Santeria

A

In Cuba and similar to Vodun
Combining Christianity and the traditions of the Aja people in Africa

39
Q

Candomblé

A

In Brazil
Combines Christianity with the traditions of the Yoruba from present-day Nigeria

40
Q

ecomienda

A

Labor system that was established by the Spanish to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas

41
Q

encomenderos

A

Landowners compelled the indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

42
Q

mit’a system

A

Traditional Incan system of labor obligation
Young men required to devote a certain amount of labor to public works projects

Transformed by the Spanish authorities in Peru into a coerced labor system

43
Q

transatlantic slave trade

A

Sugar’s profitability in European markets dramatically increased the number of Africans captured and sold through the transatlantic slave trade

44
Q

engenhos

A

Sugar plantations processed so much sugar that they were referred to as engenhos
This means “engines” in Spanish
Due to the horrible working conditions in the engenhos, plantation owners lost from 5 to 10 percent of their labor force per year

45
Q

cash crop

A

The Spanish noticed Portugal’s success with plantation agriculture and returned to the Caribbean to pursue cash crop cultivation, such as sugar and tobacco
Grown for sale rather than subsistence

46
Q

London Company

A

the joint-stock company headquartered in England owned Jamestown

47
Q

tobacco

A

Native plant grown by several tribes of American Indians, proved profitable for the colony

48
Q

indentured servitude

A

Became widespread in the English colonies of North America
An indenturedf servant was someone who contracted to work for an employer without pay for a set number of years in exchange for passage to America

49
Q

creoles

A

Those born in America of Spanish origin
Enjoyed political dominance in New Spain and soon began clamoring for independence from the Spanish throne

50
Q

peninsulares

A

Top of the social pyramid
Born on the Iberian peninsula

51
Q

castas

A

people of mixed race (mestizos, mulattoes, zambos)

52
Q

mestizos

A

Top of group of the mixed races (castas)
mixed of European and indigenous ancestry

53
Q

mulattoes

A

Those of mixed European and African descent
Followed the mestizos in the social pyramid

54
Q

zambos

A

Those of mixed European and indigenous ancestry

ap world (2 decks)

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