chapter 15 Flashcards
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)
French King
Converted to Catholicism to solidify his power
Demonstrated the willingness of monarchs to think like the politiques
Sanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvinists
Increasing emphasis on national sovereignty
Henry VIII
King of England
Last of the three major figures of the Reformation
Wanted a male heir to succeed him so he asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn–> pope said no so Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, made himself the head of the Anglican Church (free of control by the pope in Rome)
Henry VIII
King of England
Last of the three major figures of the Reformation
Wanted a male heir to succeed him so he asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn–> pope said no so Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, made himself the head of the Anglican Church (free of control by the pope in Rome)
Anne Boleyn
Married Henry VIII
Mother of Elizabeth I who would later rule
Charles V, Holy Roman Empire
Nephew of Henry’s previous wife
Abdicated as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in 1555, discouraged by his inability to stop the spread of Lutheranism
Philip II
Son of Charles V
Took the Catholic crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its 17 provinces
Later tried to conquer and convert England, but in 1588, English naval power, aided by bad weather, defeated his Spanish Armada
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
New monarchs in Spain
Moved to curb the private armies of the nobility
Bureaucracies increased and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of lords and the churches
James I
Stuart King in England
Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy, asserting that the monarch was free to make laws
Charles I
Signed the Petition of Rights but proceeded to ignore it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years
By 1642, he was at war with Parliament which lost him his throne and head
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of Parliament alongside his son Richard Cromwell
Was in ascendancy during much of the Civil War but a compromise was reached in 1660 to allow for the return of the monarch
Charles II
Had been in exile in France, became the new Stuart King
James II
Son of Charles II
Succeeded his father and completely broke off with Parliament
Many feared that James II would convert to Catholicism and force the country to follow, so a group of lords invited William and Mary (Protestant Monarchs) to become joint rulers in England—> led to Glorious Revolution and James II fled the country
William and Mary
Protestant monarchs of the Netherlands
Became joint rulers in England which resulted in the Glorious Revolution
Signed the English Bill of Rights which assured individual civil liberties
Jean Bodin
Advisor to Henry IV
advocated the divine right of the monarchy
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV’s minister
moved to even greater centralization of government and the development of the system of intendants
Louis XIV (“Sun King”)
Strongly espoused the theory of divine right and ruled as a virtual dictator
Wanted to hold absolute power and expand French borders –> Led to the build of the Palace of Versailles
Prince Henry the Navigator
First in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold
Politiques
moderates who approached ruling with practicality rather than theology
Spanish Armada
Led under Philip II
Defeated by the English due to weather
Schmalkadic League
German Lutheran
Was fought against by Charles V
Led to the Peace of Augsburg
Peace of Augsburg
Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler, and therefore all of its churches and inhabitants, would be Catholic or Lutheran
Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV
Allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith
Provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years
Thirty Years’ War
Final great religious war between Catholics and Protestants
Led to economic catastrophe
Resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease
Peace of Westphalia
Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of the three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism
new monarchies
Developed in Europe as a result of the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion
new monarchies
Developed in Europe as a result of the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion
English Civil War
Sometimes called the Puritan Revolution
Broke out between supporters of the Stuart monarchy and supporters of the monarchy, many of whom were Puritans
The dispute was mainly over what powers Parliament should have in relation to those of the monarch (roots of the conflict could be traced back to the Magna Carta and the foundation of the English Parliament)
Puritan Revolution
Also known as the English Civil War
Petition of Right
Restated the proposition that the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison persons without charge, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission
Signed by Charles I but not followed
Glorious Revolution
James II fled the country after William and Mary came
Toleration Act of 1689
Granted freedom of worship to non-Anglicans
The law said that the English monarch had to be Anglican since he or she would be head of the Church of England
divine right of monarchy
The claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God
intendants
royal officials sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government
Versailles
The elegant palace was used as a political instrument where Louis XIV entertained nobles and kept them from conducting business elsewhere, such as fomenting rebellions in their home provinces
War of the Spanish Succession
Louis XIV gained the throne of Spain for the Bourbon family, thereby precipitating the War of the Spanish Succession
Peace of Utrecht
Stipulated that the same person could not hold the thrones of France and Spain simultaneously
maritime empires
Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland established maritime empires, ones based on sea travel.
Great Peace of Montreal
Iroquois and French signed this peace treat in 1701
This alliance would lead in time to the hostilities of the French and Indian War
sepoys
European-trained Indian private forces
Helped the East India Company move inland
Huguenots
French Calvinists
Gained religious tolerance from Henry IV
Cluniac Reforms
Church councils and reform movements to curb corruption
Lollards (John Wycliffe)
Believed that priests were unnecessary for salvation
Wycliffe was even vilified for translating parts of the bible to English vernacular
Hussites (Jan Hus)
Bohemia
Declared heretics for beliefs similar to Wycliffe’s
Jan Hus was burned at the stake
Huldrych Zwingli
Campaigned for religion that would follow the exact teachings of the scriptures
Opposed to celibacy of the clergy because the rule was imposed long after the scriptures were written
Martin Luther
German monk
Concluded that church practices violated biblical teachings
Opposed the sale of indulgences and simony
95 Theses
Martin Luther challenges the Church by nailing his charges to a church door
Church reacted harshly because they needed the money these practices generated
indulgences
granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin
simony
the selling of church offices
John Calvin
French theologian
Broke with the Church
Authored the Institutes of Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland
the elect
Those predestined to go to heaven
Ran the community, which was based around plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church
predestined
The elect were predestined (fate) to go to heaven
Reformed Church of Scotland
Offshoot of Calvinism
Led by John Knox and the Puritans in England and later Boston
Puritans
Wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants
Anglican Church
One that would be free of control by the pope in Rome
Counter-Reformation
Fight against protestant attacks
Three-pronged strategy
Inquisition
Root out and punish nonbelievers
Sometimes allowed the use of torture to achieve its ends
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus
Religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Undertook missionary activity in Europe and abroad
Council of Trent
Corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests
Published the Index of Prohibited Books
Index of Prohibited Books
Writing that the Church considered dangerous to one’s faith if read
Leonardo da Vinci
Painter of the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa
Born in 1452
Michelangelo
Painter of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome and sculptor of the David
Born in 1475
Thomas Hobbes
In the Leviathan, he feared a weak government
Emphasized the need for a government that was strong enough to protect people from each other
John Locke
In Two Treatises of Government, he feared excessive government
He emphasized the need for a government with enough restraints on it to protect people from tyranny
social contract
an agreement under which people gave up some of their rights in exchange for the benefits of living in a community under the protection of a government
Francis Bacon
Developed an early scientific method called empiricism
empiricism
insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis
Royal Academy of Science
Established in France and England
Helped science excel
Sir Isaac Newton
Combined Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kelper’s laws of planetary motion
Published a work on gravitational force called Principia
Johannes Kepler
Laws of planetary motion
Galileo
Laws of terrestrial motion
Scholasticism
Left aside
Old theological debate that connected the relationship of faith to reason
philosophies
Writers outside the scientific community who popularized some Enlightenment ideals
Worked to apply the principles of government to society
Five Great Farms
Colbert sought to make French manufactured goods more competitive by creating the Five Great Farms
an area free from internal taxes
Bank of Amsterdam
The Dutch had a stock exchange as early as 1602 and by 1609 the Bank of Amsterdam traded currency internationally
joint-stock companies
Owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them
Aided the rise of this extended global economy
mercantilism
Called for heavy government involvement in the economy
Maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country and to buy as few as possible from other countries to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country
capital
material wealth available to produce more wealth
cottage industries
practice of “putting out”
Some entrepreneurs, to partly escape guild regulations, took cloth to rural households for local women to make into garments
Adam Smith
Influenced by the new Enlightenment thinking and belonging to a group of economists called physiocrats, turned against mercantilism
In the Wealth of Nations, he challenged the mercantilist belief that a nation’s wealth should be measured by its accumulation of amount of gold and silver
physiocrats
group of economists that Adam Smith was a part of
The Wealth of Nations
By Adam Smith
Challenged the mercantilist belief that a nation’s wealth should be measured by its accumulation of the amount of gold and silver.
Smith argued that freer trade and greater trust in the laws of supply and demand would make everyone wealthier
He believed that allowing people to follow their self-interest, with some limits, would enable the market to regulate itself as if guided by an “invisible hand”
Laws of supply and demand
theory that prices are determined by the relationship between supply and demand.
Commerical Revolution
Saw the transformation of commerce from local, small-scale trading mostly based on barter to large-scale international trade using gold and silver
Price Revolution
High rate of inflation or general rise in prices
East India Company
The Dutch, English, and French all developed joint-stock companies in the 17th century including the British East India Company in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company in 1602
Manila
Became a Spanish commercial center in. the area, attracting Chinese merchants and others
factors
As commercial treaties were concluded with the local authorities, the factors, or governors, for the British East India Company trained Indians as helpers
Thomas “Diamond” Pitt
Provides an example of how some were able to advance themselves in the new global economy
Read page 14 for details on his story
financial bubbles
Speculative financial schemes
The schemes were based on the sale of shares to investors who were promised a certain return on their investment
South Sea Bubble
In Britain, the crisis was called the South Sea Bubble, after the company that issued the shares
The British financial system was robust enough to absorb the shock of the crash and to avoid long-term economic impact
Mississippi Bubble
In France
French financial system could not absorb the losses and the country found itself unable to get credit from Europe’s major banking families
Third Estate
France suffered socially from the inability to of the growing Third Estate, compromised of the vast majority of France’s population, to gain representation in the government.
The members of this Third Estate remained legally subordinate to the clergy and nobles
primogeniture laws
gave all estate to eldest son
Omani-European rivalry
Europeans in the Indian Ocean competed with Middle Eastern traders from Oman and other kingdoms in the Omani-European rivalry
cartography
mapmaking
Aided the European seafarers
Bartholomew Diaz
Sailed around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco Da Gama
Sailed farther east, landing in India in 1498, where he claimed territory as a part of Portugal’s empire
Ferdinand Magellan
Died on voyage in the Philippine Islands in 1522, but one of the ships in his fleet made it all around the world, proving definitively that the earth was round and could be circumnavigated
