chapter 15 Flashcards
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)
French King
Converted to Catholicism to solidify his power
Demonstrated the willingness of monarchs to think like the politiques
Sanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvinists
Increasing emphasis on national sovereignty
Henry VIII
King of England
Last of the three major figures of the Reformation
Wanted a male heir to succeed him so he asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn–> pope said no so Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, made himself the head of the Anglican Church (free of control by the pope in Rome)
Henry VIII
King of England
Last of the three major figures of the Reformation
Wanted a male heir to succeed him so he asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn–> pope said no so Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, made himself the head of the Anglican Church (free of control by the pope in Rome)
Anne Boleyn
Married Henry VIII
Mother of Elizabeth I who would later rule
Charles V, Holy Roman Empire
Nephew of Henry’s previous wife
Abdicated as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in 1555, discouraged by his inability to stop the spread of Lutheranism
Philip II
Son of Charles V
Took the Catholic crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its 17 provinces
Later tried to conquer and convert England, but in 1588, English naval power, aided by bad weather, defeated his Spanish Armada
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
New monarchs in Spain
Moved to curb the private armies of the nobility
Bureaucracies increased and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of lords and the churches
James I
Stuart King in England
Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy, asserting that the monarch was free to make laws
Charles I
Signed the Petition of Rights but proceeded to ignore it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years
By 1642, he was at war with Parliament which lost him his throne and head
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of Parliament alongside his son Richard Cromwell
Was in ascendancy during much of the Civil War but a compromise was reached in 1660 to allow for the return of the monarch
Charles II
Had been in exile in France, became the new Stuart King
James II
Son of Charles II
Succeeded his father and completely broke off with Parliament
Many feared that James II would convert to Catholicism and force the country to follow, so a group of lords invited William and Mary (Protestant Monarchs) to become joint rulers in England—> led to Glorious Revolution and James II fled the country
William and Mary
Protestant monarchs of the Netherlands
Became joint rulers in England which resulted in the Glorious Revolution
Signed the English Bill of Rights which assured individual civil liberties
Jean Bodin
Advisor to Henry IV
advocated the divine right of the monarchy
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV’s minister
moved to even greater centralization of government and the development of the system of intendants
Louis XIV (“Sun King”)
Strongly espoused the theory of divine right and ruled as a virtual dictator
Wanted to hold absolute power and expand French borders –> Led to the build of the Palace of Versailles
Prince Henry the Navigator
First in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold
Politiques
moderates who approached ruling with practicality rather than theology
Spanish Armada
Led under Philip II
Defeated by the English due to weather
Schmalkadic League
German Lutheran
Was fought against by Charles V
Led to the Peace of Augsburg
Peace of Augsburg
Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler, and therefore all of its churches and inhabitants, would be Catholic or Lutheran
Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV
Allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith
Provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years
Thirty Years’ War
Final great religious war between Catholics and Protestants
Led to economic catastrophe
Resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease
Peace of Westphalia
Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of the three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism
new monarchies
Developed in Europe as a result of the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion
new monarchies
Developed in Europe as a result of the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion
English Civil War
Sometimes called the Puritan Revolution
Broke out between supporters of the Stuart monarchy and supporters of the monarchy, many of whom were Puritans
The dispute was mainly over what powers Parliament should have in relation to those of the monarch (roots of the conflict could be traced back to the Magna Carta and the foundation of the English Parliament)
Puritan Revolution
Also known as the English Civil War
Petition of Right
Restated the proposition that the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison persons without charge, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission
Signed by Charles I but not followed
Glorious Revolution
James II fled the country after William and Mary came
Toleration Act of 1689
Granted freedom of worship to non-Anglicans
The law said that the English monarch had to be Anglican since he or she would be head of the Church of England
divine right of monarchy
The claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God
intendants
royal officials sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government
Versailles
The elegant palace was used as a political instrument where Louis XIV entertained nobles and kept them from conducting business elsewhere, such as fomenting rebellions in their home provinces
War of the Spanish Succession
Louis XIV gained the throne of Spain for the Bourbon family, thereby precipitating the War of the Spanish Succession
Peace of Utrecht
Stipulated that the same person could not hold the thrones of France and Spain simultaneously
maritime empires
Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland established maritime empires, ones based on sea travel.
Great Peace of Montreal
Iroquois and French signed this peace treat in 1701
This alliance would lead in time to the hostilities of the French and Indian War
sepoys
European-trained Indian private forces
Helped the East India Company move inland