Chapter 16 Flashcards
Clinical psychology
The area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders.
Psychotherapy
A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.
What are the factors in success of psychotherapy?
- Therapeutic alliance (monitored)
- Therapist expertise and personality
- Client active engagement
Psychodynamic therapies
Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems.
What were the goals of psychodynamic therapies?
- Recognize maladaptive coping strategies
- Identify sources of unconscious conflicts
Dream analysis
A psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person’s dreams. (manifest vs. latent)
Transference
A client’s relation to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduced or relive important relationships in the individual’s life.
Contemporary psychodynamic therapies
More emphasis on conscious, less emphasis on sex.
Humanistic approach: emphasis
- Conscious thoughts
- Self-healing
- Self fulfillment
Humanistic approach: goals
- Self understanding
- Personal growth
Client-centered therapy
By Carl Rogers and called nondirective self-exploration. The therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client’s self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems. Active listening and reflective speech. Unconditional positive regard. Empathy and genuineness
Behavior therapies: emphasis
Overt behaviors change rather than insights into self or into underlying causes.
Behavior therapies: goals
Reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviors
Systematic desensitization
Develop hierarchy of fearful scenes, learn relaxation techniques, and apply relaxation while imagining fearful scenes.
Flooding
Intense exposure without allowing aviodance.
Operant Conditioning Techniques
Unlearning of maladaptive behavior (OCD) through altered consequences.
Applied Behavior Analysis
Positive reinforcement of adaptive behaviors, extinguish maladaptive behaviors, does not depend on gaining insight, particularly effect for ASD.
Cognitive therapies: emphasis
- Thoughts (cognitions) are the primary source of psychological problems
- how we think controls how we feel.
- Focus on overt problems (unlike Freud).
- Structured analysis and specific guidance (unlike Rogers)
Cognitive therapies: goals
Cognitive restructuring.
Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior therapy
- Irrational and self-defeating beliefs
- Eliminate these beliefs through rational examination
- Directive, persuasive, controntational
Beck’s cognitive therapy
- Illogical automatic negative thoughts
- Identify and challenge automatic thoughts
- Reflective, open-ended dialogue, less directive
Cognitive-behavior therapy
Goal of developing self-efficacy
1. Reducing self-defeating thoughts
2. Incorporates behavior therapy
3. Self-instructional methods
Self-instructional methods
Cognitive-behavior techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior
Integrative therapy
Use of a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgement of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client. Ex: dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder
Biological therapies: definition and common forms
Reduce/ eliminate symptoms by altering body functioning. Common forms: drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and psychosurgery
Antianxiety drugs
Drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable; commonly known as tranquillizers.
Antidepressant drugs
Drugs that regulate mood. Types are tricyclics, tetracyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Tricyclics
Three-ringed molecular structure, believed to work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and serotonin.
Tetracyclic
Increase the levels of both norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
MAO. They block monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Interfering on with the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain
Lithium
The lightest of the soldi elements of the periodic table of elements, widely used to treat bipolar disorder.
Antipsychotic drugs
Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia.
Electroconvulsive therapy
- Small electric current produces a brief seizure.
- Used to treat major depressive disorder which has not responded to other treatments.
- Deep brain stimulation
- TMS
Psychosurgery
A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual’s adjustment.
Sociocultural approaches: emphasis
Influence of various social/cultural factors
Group therapy
A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health profession.
Family therapy
Group therapy with family members
Couples therapy
Group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationships.
Self-Help Support Groups
Conducted by paraprofessionals.
Community Mental Health
Deinstitutionalization (rise in homelessness), prevention, empowerment.
Cross-Cultural Competence
A therapist’s assessment of his or her ability to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client’s perception of those abilities.
