Chapter 10 (Part 2)

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

Feeling (also called affect) that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or grimace).

Question 2

Automatic Nervous System

Answer 2

Consists of both sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 3

James-Lange Theory

Answer 3

The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.

Question 4

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 4

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Question 5

Two factor theory of emotion

Answer 5

Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. Ex: When you see a bear, you perceive the stimulus and then you label it. Used the test with epinephrine (creates high arousal) in 1 group to see how they judged people’s actions. When they were with a happy person, rated themselves happy.

Question 6

What are some behavioral factors of emotion?

Answer 6

Verbal expression, nonverbal expression, and facial feedback hypothesis.

Question 7

Nonverbal expression

Answer 7

Posture, gestures, actions, expressions.

Question 8

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Answer 8

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them. This supports the James-Lange theory

Question 9

What are some soiciocultural factors?

Answer 9

There is a strong biological component because blind children can smile when they have never seen anyone else smile. Expressions of emotions are similar across cultures. This is supported by Ekman’s study where indigenous people in New Guinea were able to identify emotions from pictures. Display rules- sociocultural standards that determine when/ how it is ok to express a given emotion. Ex: thumbs up is an insult in Greece.

Question 10

Valence

Answer 10

Whether it feels pleasant or unpleasant (positive or negative affect)

Question 11

Negative affect

Answer 11

Negative emotions such as anger, guilt, and saddness

Question 12

Positive affect

Answer 12

Positive emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.

Question 13

Arousal level

Answer 13

Degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual being active/engaged versus passive/calm (can be high or low)

Question 14

Approach versus avoid

Answer 14

Avoid punishers (fear) or approach rewards (anger)

Question 15

Broaden and Build model

Answer 15

Fredrickson’s model of positive emotions, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual’s attention and ability to build resources. Broaden-see the whole picture/ Build-learn skills, build community for when there is trouble.

Question 16

Resilence

Answer 16

Have optimistic and excited outlook. Better able to cope with negative life events. Use positive emotions to combat negative feelings.

Question 17

What are the biological factors to the pursuit of happiness?

Answer 17

The heritability estimates for happiness range from 50-80 percent (well-being). There is possibly a set point or base level of happiness.

Question 18

What are the obstacles in the pursuit of happiness?

Answer 18

Hedonic treadmill (pleasure is short term and happiness is fleeting). Direct pursuit of happiness can backfire.

Question 19

Happiness Activities and Goal Striving

Answer 19

Altruism (doing things for other people), physical activity, positive self-reflection (gratitude journal). Doing a personally meaningful goal investment (“Take more time for myself”).