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Bio 30 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell cycle

A

A continuous sequence of cell growth + division; the life cycle of a cell

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2
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any of the cells of a multi cellular organism except those that form gametes

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3
Q

Parent cell

A

Original cell that divides to produce two new daughter cells during cell division

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4
Q

Daughter cell

A

Any one of two cells produced from the division of a parent cell

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5
Q

Chromatid

A

Single stranded chromosome. Coiled strand of DNA formed during cell replication. Made from a piece of chromatin.

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6
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. A molecule of nucleic acid that governs processes of heredity in the cells of organisms. Found in chromosomes. Contains genetic material

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

A length of DNA and it’s associated proteins

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8
Q

Histones

A

Protein found in chromosomes: acts as scaffold around which DNA winds, enabling it to fit within the small space of the nucleus.

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

Long fibres that form chromosomes + contain DNA, a small amount of RNA, + various proteins, non- condensed form of genetic material that predominates for most of the cell cycle

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10
Q

Centromere

A

The point at which two sister chromatids of a chromosome are joined + to which the spindle fibres are attached during mitosis

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11
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Chromosomes that contain the same sequence as another, but that may not be made up of the same alleles: human somatic cells have 22 pairs of those known as autosomes, and females also have a homologous pair of x sec chromosomes; males have a y+ a x sex chromosome which are not homologous. Homologous chromosomes have similar bonding, centromere location and length

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12
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes other than a sex chromosome human somatic cells have 22 pairs of these. Each single chromosome matches it’s pair. They are homologous pairs.

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13
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

xx or xy chromosome that carries the genes involved in determining the genetic sex if an individual. May or may not be homologous pair.

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14
Q

Genes

A

The basic unit of heredity; a specific sequence of DNA that encodes a protein, tRNA, rRNA molecule or regulates the transcription of such sequence; governs the expression of a particular trait + can be passed to offspring

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15
Q

Locus

A

Specific location on a chromosome

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16
Q

Alleles

A

Different form of the same gene occurring on homologous chromosomes

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17
Q

Diploid

A

Describing a cell that contains two pairs of every chromosome. Designated as 2n eg somatic cells

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18
Q

Haploid

A

Describing a cell containing half the number of chromosomes (n) that the diploid (2n) parent cell contains; condition occurring in gametes, either egg (ovum) or sperm

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19
Q

Gametes

A

Male or female haploid reproductive cell eg: egg (ovum) + sperm

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20
Q

Polyploid

A

Describing a cell which contains sets of more than 2 homologous chromosomes

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21
Q

Karyotype

A

The particular set of chromosomes that an individual posses

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22
Q

Interphase

A

Growth stage of a somatic cell; there are 3 phases G1, S + G2; ends when the cell begins the process of nuclear division (mitosis)

23
Q

G1 phase

A

The first part of interphase, a somatic cells growth stage during which cells carry out rapid growth + metabolic activity
Also known as Growth 1 of Gayo 1

24
Q

S Phase

A

The middle part of interphase, a somatic cells growth stage, during which the cells DNA is replicated to create two identical chromosomes (sister chromatids)

25
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Two chromatids in a chromosome that are genetically identical + are held together by a centromere. Formed when a chromatid replicates itself

26
Q

G2 Phase

A

The last part of interphase, a somatic cells growth stage, during which cells rebuild it’s reserves of energy + manufacturers proteins + other molecules to prepare for division
Also known as Growth 2 or Gap 2

27
Q

Mitosis

A

One of the two main processes in cell division: division of the genetic material + the contents of the cells nucleus into two complete + separate sets; results in a daughter cell receiving the exact number of chromosomes + genetic make up as the parent cells

28
Q

Cytokineses

A

One of the two main processes in cell division; consists of separation of cytoplasm and organelles and the formation of two daughter cells

29
Q

Prophase

A

First of the 4 phases in cell division (mitosis) when chromatin condenses + can be seen tightly packed chromosomes; the nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell + the spindle apparatus forms

30
Q

Centrioles

A

One pair of cylindrical organelles that moves to opposite poles of the cell during prophase of mitosis provides an attachment for the spindle apparatus

31
Q

Spindle fibres

A

Made of microtubules (hollow tubes of protein that facilitate movement of chromosomes within a cell. A spindle fibre lengthens with the addition of microtubule sub units. The removal of these sub units shortens the spindle fibre

32
Q

Spindle Apparatus

A

Assembly that carries out the separation of chromosomes during cell division (mitosis); composed of spindle fibres + assembled during prophase

33
Q

Metaphase

A

The 2nd stage of cell division (mitosis) during which chromosomes line up at the cells equator in preparation for separation.

34
Q

Anaphase

A

A late stage of cell division (mitosis) during which the centromere splits apart chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell; by the end of phase; one complete diploid set of chromosomes gathered at each pole

35
Q

Telophase

A

The final stage of cell division (mitosis) in which a nucleolus forms around chromosomes at opposite ends of the dividing parent cell; this stage is followed by cytokinesis to form two daughter cells

36
Q

Cell plate

A

Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of a new plasma membrane + cell walls

37
Q

Cancer

A

Group of diseases associated with uncontrolled rapid cell division

38
Q

Meiosis

A

The cellular process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells in the ovaries + testes

39
Q

Reduction Division

A

One of the outcomes of meiosis; cell division that produces daughter cells with fewer chromosomes than the parent cells

40
Q

Recombination

A

One of the outcomes of meiosis; cell division that produces daughter cells with different combinations of genes than the parent cells; gives rise to offspring that are genetically distinct from one another + from their parents

41
Q

Meiosis 1

A

The 1st of two sequences in meiotic cell division in which the chromosomes are reduced from diploid to haploid

42
Q

Meiosis II

A

The 2nd of two sequences in meiotic cell division in which each of the haploid cells created during meiosis I undergoes mitosis with an interphase

43
Q

Germ cell

A

Gamete- producing cell in the male + female gonads

44
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons or between a neuron + an effector (muscle or gland)

45
Q

Tetrad

A

A homologous pair formed during prophase I of meiosis, so named because it contains four chromatids

46
Q

Non-Sister Chromatids

A

dna tetrad, those chromatids that do not belong to the same chromosome; undergo crossing over during prophase I of meiosis

47
Q

Crossing over

A

The process by which non-sister chromatids exchange genes during prophase I of meiosis allowing for the recombination of genes

48
Q

Non disjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis I + meiosis II, respectively

49
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process of male gamete (sperm) production in animals

50
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process of female gamete (ova or egg) production in animals

51
Q

Spermatogonium

A

The diploid germ cell from which sperm are produced in the testes

52
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

One of two daughter cells formed by division of the spermatogonia: the other daughter cell replenishes the spermatogonia population

53
Q

Secondary Spermatocyte

A

Each of the two cells produced as a result of a primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis I

Bio 30 (3 decks)

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