Chapter 15 Flashcards
Inner cell mass
The inner cells of the blastocyst; will develop into the embryo also known as embryoblast
Implantation
The process of attachment of the embryo to the endometrium; occurs within first week after fertilization in humans
Teratogen
Any agent that causes a structural abnormality of the developing fetus due to exposure during pregnancy eg smoking
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Term used to describe all the disorders related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy; includes the more commonly known clinical disorder called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Parturition
The act of process of giving birth to young
Lactation
The secretion and formation of breast milk by mammary glands
Reproductive Technologies
Any technology that enhances or reduces reproductive potential
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Technique in which egg cells are fertilized outside the female’s body
Sterile
Condition in which a man or woman is unable to have children
Infertile
Condition in which a man or a woman has been trying to conceive children for a year or more unsuccessful
Artificial Insemination
Process by which sperm is collected, concentrated and placed in the female’s vagina
Surrogate Mother
Woman who becomes impregnated and carries a baby for another; baby may he conceived through artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization
Super ovulation
Production of multiple eggs as a result of hormone treatment
Abstinence
Avoidance of sexual intercourse
Tubal ligation
A surgical sterilization procedure in women that involves cutting the oviducts and tying off the cut end to ensure that the ovum does not encounter sperm or reach the uterus
Vasectomy
A sterilization procedure in men; involves cutting and tying the ductus deferens
Contraceptive technologies
Any technologies that reduces reproductive potential
Umbilical cord
Flexible, often spirally twisted, tube that connects the abdomen of a fetus to the mother’s placenta in the uterus, and through which nutrients are delivered and waste is expelled
Morula
The term used to describe a zygote when it becomes a 16-cell sphere
Yolk Sac
One of the extra-embryonic membranes suspended from the abdominal area of the embryo; in humans, serves no nutritive function, but contributes to the formation of the digestive tract and produces the first blood cells and future eggs (ova) or spermcells
Placenta
In most pregnant mammals, a disk-shaped organ within the uterus that is rich in blood vessels; attaches the embryo or fetus to the uterine wall and facilitates metabolic exchange
Amnion
Extra-embryonic membrane that forms a transparent sac that encloses and protects the embryo and fetus
Chorion
In humans, membrane developed from the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst; develops into the fetal part of the placenta; is the outermost of the extra-embryonic membranes, as well as the embryo
Extra-embryonic membranes
Any in an intricate system of membranes external to the embryo; responsible for the protection, nutrition, respiration, and excretion of the embryo and fetus
Allantois
Extra- embryonic membrane that forms the foundation for the umbilical cord
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Hormone secreted by the trophoblast at the time of implantation of the embryo: prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum
Gastrulation
The formation of three primary germ layers in embryogenesis
Cleavage
The process of cell division without cell growth; after fertilization the zygote undergoes repeated cleavage without increasing in overall size
Blastocyst
Mammalian embryo at the stage in which it is implanted in wall of the uterus and consists of a nearly hollow ball of cells; is made up of two groups of cells: the trophoblast and the inner cell mass, this stage follows the morula
Fertilization
The joining of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a single cell that contains 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes
Zygote
Cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization, has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes (diploid)
Primary Germ Layers
First layers of cells formed during animal embryogenesis, mainly in the vertebrates, consists of ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and endoderm (inner layer)
Morphogenesis
The series of events that form distinct structures of a developing organism, gastrulation marks the beginning of the process
Differentiation
Cellular process that enables a cell to develop a particular shape and to perform specific functions that are different from the function of other cells
Neurulation
In embryogenesis, process of forming the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord
