Chapter 15

Question 1

Inner cell mass

Answer 1

The inner cells of the blastocyst; will develop into the embryo also known as embryoblast

Question 2

Implantation

Answer 2

The process of attachment of the embryo to the endometrium; occurs within first week after fertilization in humans

Question 3

Teratogen

Answer 3

Any agent that causes a structural abnormality of the developing fetus due to exposure during pregnancy eg smoking

Question 4

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Answer 4

Term used to describe all the disorders related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy; includes the more commonly known clinical disorder called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 5

Parturition

Answer 5

The act of process of giving birth to young

Question 6

Lactation

Answer 6

The secretion and formation of breast milk by mammary glands

Question 7

Reproductive Technologies

Answer 7

Any technology that enhances or reduces reproductive potential

Question 8

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 8

Technique in which egg cells are fertilized outside the female’s body

Question 9

Sterile

Answer 9

Condition in which a man or woman is unable to have children

Question 10

Infertile

Answer 10

Condition in which a man or a woman has been trying to conceive children for a year or more unsuccessful

Question 11

Artificial Insemination

Answer 11

Process by which sperm is collected, concentrated and placed in the female’s vagina

Question 12

Surrogate Mother

Answer 12

Woman who becomes impregnated and carries a baby for another; baby may he conceived through artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization

Question 13

Super ovulation

Answer 13

Production of multiple eggs as a result of hormone treatment

Question 14

Abstinence

Answer 14

Avoidance of sexual intercourse

Question 15

Tubal ligation

Answer 15

A surgical sterilization procedure in women that involves cutting the oviducts and tying off the cut end to ensure that the ovum does not encounter sperm or reach the uterus

Question 16

Vasectomy

Answer 16

A sterilization procedure in men; involves cutting and tying the ductus deferens

Question 17

Contraceptive technologies

Answer 17

Any technologies that reduces reproductive potential

Question 18

Umbilical cord

Answer 18

Flexible, often spirally twisted, tube that connects the abdomen of a fetus to the mother’s placenta in the uterus, and through which nutrients are delivered and waste is expelled

Question 19

Morula

Answer 19

The term used to describe a zygote when it becomes a 16-cell sphere

Question 20

Yolk Sac

Answer 20

One of the extra-embryonic membranes suspended from the abdominal area of the embryo; in humans, serves no nutritive function, but contributes to the formation of the digestive tract and produces the first blood cells and future eggs (ova) or spermcells

Question 21

Placenta

Answer 21

In most pregnant mammals, a disk-shaped organ within the uterus that is rich in blood vessels; attaches the embryo or fetus to the uterine wall and facilitates metabolic exchange

Question 22

Amnion

Answer 22

Extra-embryonic membrane that forms a transparent sac that encloses and protects the embryo and fetus

Question 23

Chorion

Answer 23

In humans, membrane developed from the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst; develops into the fetal part of the placenta; is the outermost of the extra-embryonic membranes, as well as the embryo

Question 24

Extra-embryonic membranes

Answer 24

Any in an intricate system of membranes external to the embryo; responsible for the protection, nutrition, respiration, and excretion of the embryo and fetus

Question 25

Allantois

Answer 25

Extra- embryonic membrane that forms the foundation for the umbilical cord

Question 26

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 26

Hormone secreted by the trophoblast at the time of implantation of the embryo: prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum

Question 27

Gastrulation

Answer 27

The formation of three primary germ layers in embryogenesis

Question 28

Cleavage

Answer 28

The process of cell division without cell growth; after fertilization the zygote undergoes repeated cleavage without increasing in overall size

Question 29

Blastocyst

Answer 29

Mammalian embryo at the stage in which it is implanted in wall of the uterus and consists of a nearly hollow ball of cells; is made up of two groups of cells: the trophoblast and the inner cell mass, this stage follows the morula

Question 30

Fertilization

Answer 30

The joining of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a single cell that contains 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes

Question 31

Zygote

Answer 31

Cell formed by the union of two gametes; the product of fertilization, has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes (diploid)

Question 32

Primary Germ Layers

Answer 32

First layers of cells formed during animal embryogenesis, mainly in the vertebrates, consists of ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and endoderm (inner layer)

Question 33

Morphogenesis

Answer 33

The series of events that form distinct structures of a developing organism, gastrulation marks the beginning of the process

Question 34

Differentiation

Answer 34

Cellular process that enables a cell to develop a particular shape and to perform specific functions that are different from the function of other cells

Question 35

Neurulation

Answer 35

In embryogenesis, process of forming the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord