Chapter 16 Flashcards
Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.
D
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
B
Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
E
Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
C
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.
A
Growth hormone
A
Follicle stimulating hormone
C
Prolactin
B
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
E
Thyroid stimulating hormone
D
An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.
Graves’ disease
Hyposecretion of growth hormone.
Pituitary dwarfism
Hyposecretion of the pancreas.
Diabetes mellitus
Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.
Addison’s disease
Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.
Myxedema
Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.
Cushing’s disease
Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.
Cretinism
The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
Hypophysis
The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction.
Adrenal medulla
Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.
Pancreas
Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue.
Parathyroid
Produces the body’s major metabolic hormones.
Thyroid
Testosterone production
A) Hormonal stimulus
B) Humoral stimulus
C) Neural stimulus
A) Hormonal stimulus
Epinephrine production
A) Hormonal stimulus
B) Humoral stimulus
C) Neural stimulus
C) Neural stimulus
Aldosterone production
A) Hormonal stimulus
B) Humoral stimulus
C) Neural stimulus
A) Hormonal stimulus
Parathyroid hormone production
A) Hormonal stimulus
B) Humoral stimulus
C) Neural stimulus
B) Humoral stimulus
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) aldosterone B) insulin C) secretin D) cortisol
D) cortisol
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) adrenal medulla B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) thymus gland
D) thymus gland
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) calcium B) deactivating ions C) nucleotides D) second messengers
D) second messengers
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) enzyme B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal
D) hormonal
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) proteins D) hormones
D) hormones
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
B) is partly contained within the infundibulum
C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
D) is the site of prolactin synthesis
B) is partly contained within the infundibulum
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) polycythemia
D) polycythemia
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?
A) blood levels of hormone
B) type of hormone
C) number of receptors for that hormone
D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone
B) type of hormone
Oxytocin ________.
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion
C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation
D) controls milk production
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
ADH \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol
D) is inhibited by alcohol
Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? A) permissiveness B) synergism C) antagonism D) feedback
D) feedback
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
A) activates or deactivates enzymes
B) stimulates production of an action potential
C) alters plasma membrane permeability
D) induces secretory activity
B) stimulates production of an action potential
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? A) gastrin B) secretin C) leptin D) renin
C) leptin
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
A) a change in membrane potential
B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
C) an increase in enzymatic activity
D) direct control of the nervous system
D) direct control of the nervous system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
D) nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop
C) hypophyseal portal system
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location
D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
B) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity
C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
D) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
A) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
C) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids
D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
A) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers
B) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene
C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin
B) epinephrine
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) carbohydrate oxidation B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation
D) humoral stimulation
The major targets of growth hormone are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles
D) bones and skeletal muscles
Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
A) activation of osteoclasts
B) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys
C) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions
D) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
D) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen
A) the heart
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine
C) cortisol
Leptin is secreted by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts
B) adipocytes
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol
B) aldosterone
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone
C) epinephrine
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) thyroid hormone D) gonadotropic hormones
B) parathyroid hormone
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
D) hormone binding to intracellular receptors
A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary
B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
C) travel by arteries to the pituitary
D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
ACTH ________.
A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary
B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
D) is not a tropic hormone
B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
Aldosterone ________.
A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which organ does not produce hormones? A) heart B) kidney C) spleen D) skin
C) spleen
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) sensitivity increase B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a stressor reaction
C) up-regulation
Eicosanoids do not include \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins
C) hydrocortisones
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
B) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
A) It causes positive feedback.
B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
C) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
D) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid—based hormones? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) chlorine
B) calcium
Which hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?
Steroid
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
Prolactin
Acromegaly and gigantism are the result of ________ of growth hormone.
Hypersecretion
The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.
Thyroid
Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs?
Erythropoietin
Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.
Glucagon
The ________ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity.
Pineal
The ________ gland is especially large in early childhood, then declines in size and function with age.
Thymus
Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure can result in a condition called ________.
Acromegaly
As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
ACTH
Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands.
Ductless directly into bloodstream, ducted ro an open area
Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the “master endocrine gland”?
Controls pituitary
Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age?
GH decreases, epiphyseal plate forms into line
A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland?
Secretes ANP inhibits Aldosterone
Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact?
Use different receptors
A major difference between neurotransmitters and hormones is that hormones are secreted \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) directly onto their target cell B) into the CSF C) into ducts D) into the blood
D) into the blood
A major determinant of a hormone’s mechanism of action is ______.
A) whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
B) its size
C) whether it is rapid acting or slow acting
D) if it activates gene activity or not
A) whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Receptors for steroid hormones are commonly located _______.
A) inside the target cell
B) on the plasma membrane of the target cell
C) in the blood plasma
D) in the extracellular fluid
A) inside the target cell
Interaction with a membrane-bound receptor will transduce the hormonal message via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) depolarization B) direct gene activation C) a second messenger D) endocytosis
C) a second messenger
Which of the following molecules act as second messangers? A) cAMP B) Ca2+ C) Inositol triphosphate D) all of the above
D) all of the above
In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must posses ______.
a receptor
when the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of _____ stimulation.
humoral
when an infant suckles at his mother’s breast, the mother’s neurohypophysis releases oxytocin. this is an emample of _____ simulation.
neural
When the ovaries secrete estrogen in response to the hormone GnRH, this is an example of ______ stimulation.
hormonal
Blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by _____ mechanisms.
negative feedback
Hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are delivered directly to the _____.
adenophypophysis
Secretions from the corticotrophs activate cells of the ______, while secretions from the gonadotrophs affect cells of the ______.
adrenal cortex: gonads
A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and serve dehydration. The most likely cause is _____.
hyposecretion of ADH
Common secretion(s) of the thyroid gland is (are) ______.
a. calcitonin
b. triiodothyronine
c. thyroxine
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
A patient is losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and is always anxious. The patient may be suffering from ______.
hypothyroidism
Occasionally, a female patient will experience hirsutism, or excessive facial hair growth. However, blood tests reveal that her levels of testosterone are normal for a female. Another cause could be hypersecretion of _______.
gonadocorticoids
Two hormones govern calcium regualtions. _____ acts to elevate blood calcuim levels, whereas _____ lowers blood calcium levels.
PTH, calcitonin
______ is the adrenal hormone responsible for mantaining appropriate blood sodium levels.
Aldosterone
During times of stress, elevated levels of _____ often occur, which explains why we get cold during final exam time.
Cortisol
Along with the sympathetic NS, the ______ is the other primary mediator of acute stress.
adrenal medulla
The secretion of _____ helps regulate our circadian rhythms.
melatonin
