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A&P 1 > Chapter 15- Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Vision Flashcards

1
Q

what are the accessory structures of the eye?

A
  • palpebrae
  • levator palpebrae superioris
  • conjunctiva
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
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2
Q

function of palpebrae

A
  • eyelids
  • superior and inferior structures
  • meet at medial commissure and lateral commissure
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3
Q

function of conjunctiva

A
  • palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva
  • makes lubricating fluid
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4
Q

what is pterygium?

A

pinkish tissue growth of the conjunctiva over the front of the cornea

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5
Q

lacrima apparatus function

A
  • cleans and lubricates the eye
  • antibacterial
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6
Q

Pathway of lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. lacrimal gland produces and secretes tears
  2. tears enter the conjunctival sac via the excretory ducts of the lacrimal gland
  3. tears flow down and across the eyeball
  4. tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi at openings called lacrimal puncta
  5. tears drain into the lacrimal sac
  6. from the lacrimal sac, tears empty via the nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
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7
Q

functions of extrinsic eye muscles

A

move the eye

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8
Q

what are the names of the extrinsic eye muscles

A

lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique
superior oblique

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9
Q

lateral rectus
- action and controlling cranial nerve

A
  • moves eye laterally
  • VI abducens
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10
Q

medial rectus
- action and controlling cranial nerve

A
  • moves eye medially
  • III oculomotor
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11
Q

superior rectus
- action and controlling cranial nerve

A
  • elevates eye and turns it medially
  • III oculomotor
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12
Q

inferior rectus
- action and controlling cranial nerve

A
  • depresses eye and turns it medially
  • III oculomotor
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13
Q

inferior oblique
- action and controlling cranial nerve

A
  • elevates the eye and turns it laterally
  • III oculomotor
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14
Q

superior oblique
- action and controlling cranial nerve

A
  • depresses eye and turns it laterally
  • IV trochlear
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15
Q

levator palpebrae superioris function

A

opens the eye

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16
Q

what are the layers of the eye

A
  • fibrous tunic: sclera and cornea
  • vascular tunic: iris, ciliary body, choroid
  • neural tunic: retina and optic nerve
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17
Q

ciliary body function

A

pulls on suspensory ligaments and results in changing the shape of the lens

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18
Q

iris

A

regulates the amount of light that enters the eye
- color depends on the amt of melanin
more melanin—>darker eyes

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19
Q

Sclera

A

white of the eye that is covered by the conjunctiva

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20
Q

orbicularis oris muscle

A

helps close the eye

21
Q

cornea

A

focusing most of the light entering the eye by bending it

22
Q

choroid

A

structure that supplies blood to eye (outer layers of retina, macula, and optic nerve)

23
Q

muscle layers of the iris

A

sphincter (constricts pupil)
dilator (opens pupil)

24
Q

lens function

A

allow light to pass through and focuses light onto retina

25
Q

the lens makes light focus based on how far away things are. t or f

A

t

26
Q

what are the three chambers/cavities of the eye

A

anterior chamber, posterior chamber, and vitreous chamber

27
Q

what kind of fluid is found in the anterior and posterior chambers?

A

aqueous humor
- very liquidy

28
Q

what kind of fluid is found in the vitreous chamber?

A

vitreous humor
- jello-like

29
Q

function of the anterior chamber

A

has aq humor that nourishes the eye

30
Q

function of vitreous chamber

A

vitreous humor that helps keep the eye inflated and holds the retina in place

31
Q

how is aq humor made?

A

made by ciliary body and goes into anterior segment then it drains into scleral venous sinus and will take it back into circulation into blood stream

32
Q

what happens if the scleral venous sinus gets blocked?

A

more fluid build up and make cornea bulge out —-> this is glaucoma

33
Q

features of the retina

A

macula lutea and optic disc

34
Q

macula lutea function

A

focal point of the retina
fovea centralis is the bulls eye so when we are looking at something it is focusing on the fovea centralis

35
Q

optic disc function

A

connection point for the optic nerve
- located at the back of the retina

36
Q

why is the optic disc a blind spot?

A

it doesnt contain any rods or cones to detect light rays

37
Q

lens function

A
  • it is biconvex
  • focuses light passing through pupil onto retina
  • image projected backwards and upside down
38
Q

ciliary body relaxation

A

tightens ligaments —> lens thinner for distance vision

39
Q

ciliary body contraction

A

relaxes ligaments –> lens thickens for close-up vision

40
Q

factors that affect light perception

A

refraction, accommodation, convergence

41
Q

refraction

A

light is bent as it passes through different media

42
Q

accommodation

A

lens shape focuses light on macula despite refraction

43
Q

convergence

A

moving eyeballs medially or laterally to accommodate objects that are close or far

44
Q

photoreceptors

A

sensory receptors for light.
rods and cones

45
Q

cones

A
  • theres red, blue, and green cones
  • color vision
  • low sensitivity to light waves
  • located in fovea centralis
  • respond to stimulation by bright light (day vision)
  • provide color recognition and sharpness of vision
46
Q

rods

A
  • shades of gray
  • theres more of them than cones
  • high sensitivity to light waves
  • located in peripheral retina
  • specialized for dim light, night vision
  • cannot distinguish color; poor sharpness of vision
47
Q

phototransduction

A

conversion of light energy into neural signals
- voltage gated calcium channels close and no glutamate is released
- the bipolar cell is no longer inhibited and depolarizes
- bipolar cell releases NT
- NT binds to receptors in the ganglion cell and a nerve signal is initiated to the brain

48
Q

afferent pathway for vision

A
  1. retina - photoreceptors and neurons in the retina process the stimulus from incoming light
  2. optic nerve - axons of retinal ganglion cells form optic nerves and exit the eye
  3. optic chiasm - optic nerve axons from the medial region of the retina cross at the optic chiasm; the axons from the lateral region of the retina remain uncrossed
  4. optic tract - the optic tract contains axons from both eyes, and these axons will project to either the thalamus or the midbrain
  5. primary visual cortex of occipital lobe
  6. then it goes to visual association cortex
49
Q

fibers from medial side of left eye are processed by the right side of the brain and medial side of right eye is processed by left side. t or f

A

T

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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