Chapter 15- Urinary & Male Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q
  • stores urine
  • discharges urine into urethra during voiding
  • anatomic configuration of bladder and ureters normally prevents reflux of urine into ureters
A

Bladder

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2
Q

Conveys urine from the bladder for excretion

A

Urethra

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3
Q

Three basic functions:
-excrete waste products of food metabolism
•(CO2 and H2O: end products of carbohydrates and fat metabolism)
•urea and other acids
-regulate mineral and H2O balance
-produces erythropoietin and renin: specialized cells in the kidneys

A

Functions of the kidneys

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4
Q

Regulates RBC production in marrow

A

Erythropoietin

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5
Q

Helps regulate blood pressure - (cell produced by the kidneys)

A

Renin

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6
Q
  • basic structural and functions unit of the kidney
  • about 1 million nephrons in each kidney
  • consists of glomerulus and renal tubule
A

Nephron

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7
Q

-tuft of capillaries supplied by an afferent glomerular arteriole that recombine into an efferent glomerular arteriole
-material is filtered by a 3-layered glomerular filter
•inner: fenestrated capillary endothelium
•middle: basement membrane
•outer: capillary endothelial cells

A

Glomerulus

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8
Q

Reabsorbs most of filtrate; secretes unwanted components into tubular fluid; regulates H2O balance

  • proximal end: Bowman’s capsule
  • distal end: empties into collecting tubules
A

Renal tubules

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9
Q
  • free flow of blood through the glomerular capillaries
  • normally functioning glomerular filter that restricts passage of blood cells and protein
  • normal outflow of urine
A

Requirements for normal renal function

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10
Q

Released in response to decreased blood volume, low blood pressure, and low sodium

A

Renin

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11
Q

Angiotensin 1 — angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) as blood flows through the lungs

A

Renal regulation of blood pressure

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12
Q

-powerful vasoconstrictor: raises blood pressure by causing peripheral arterioles to constrict
-stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex:
increases reabsorption of NaCl and H2O by kidneys
-Net effect: higher blood pressure, increased fluid in vascular system

A

Angiotensin 2

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13
Q

Failure of one or both kidneys to develop

  • bilateral: rare, associated with other congenital anomalies, incompatible with life
  • unilateral: common, asymptomatic; other kidney enlarges to compensate
A

Renal agenesis

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14
Q
  • complete duplication: formation of extra ureter and renal pelvis
  • incomplete duplication: only upper part of excretory system is duplicated
A

Duplications of urinary tract

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15
Q

One or both kidneys, associated with fusion of kidneys; horseshoe kidney; fusion of upper pole

A

Malposition of kidneys

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16
Q

-inflammation of the glomeruli caused by antigen-antibody reaction within the glomeruli

A

Glomerulonephritis

17
Q
  • usually follows a beta-steptococcal infection
  • circulating antigen and antibody complexes are filtered by glomeruli and incite inflammation
  • leukocytes release lysosomal enzymes to cause injury to the glomeruli
A

Immune-complex glomerulonephritis

18
Q

Autoantibodies attack glomerular basement membrane

A

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) glomerulonephritis

19
Q
Marked loss of protein in the urine 
-urinary excretion of protein > protein production
-protein level in blood falls
-causes edema due to low plasma osmotic pressure 
Clinical Manifestations:
-marked leg edema 
-ascites 
Children: complete recovery 
Adults: severe progressive renal disease
May result from:
-glomerulonephritis 
-diabetes
-systemic lupus erythematosus
A

Nephrotic syndrome

20
Q

-complication of severe hypertension
-renal arterioles undergo thickening from carrying blood at a much higher pressure than normal
-glomeruli and tubules undergo secondary degenerative changes causing narrowing of lumen and reduction in blood flow
•reduced glomerular filtration
•kidneys shrink
•may die of renal insufficiency

A

Arteriolar nephrosclerosis

21
Q

-complication of long standing diabetes
-nodular and diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membranes (glomerulosclerosis), usually with coexisting nephrosclerosis
•manifestations:
-progressive impairment of renal function
-protein loss may lead to nephrotic syndrome
-no specific treatment can arrest progression of disease
-progressive impairment of renal function may lead to renal failure

A

Diabetic nephropathy

22
Q

-elevated blood uric acid levels lead to increased uric acid in tubular filtrate
-urate may precipitate in Henle’s loops and collecting tubules
-tubular obstruction causes damage
•manifestations:
-impaired renal function
-may lead to renal failure
-common in poorly-controlled gout

A

Gout nephropathy

23
Q
  • very common, may be acute or chronic
  • most infections are caused by gram-negative bacteria
  • organisms contaminate perianal and genital areas and ascend urethra
A

Urinary tract infections (UTI)

24
Q

-affects only the bladder
-more common in women than men
-common in older men- enlarged prostate interferes with complete bladder emptying
•clinical manifestations:
-burning pain on urination
-desire to urinate frequently
-urine contains bacteria and leukocytes
-responds well to antibiotics
-may spread upwards into renal pelvis and kidneys

25
Q

Ureter: conveys urine into bladder by peristalsis
Renal pelvis: expanded upper portion of ureter
Major calyces: subdivisions of renal pelvis
Minor calyces: subdivisions of major calyces into which renal papillae discharge

A

Excretory duct system of the kidneys

26
Q

•involvement of upper urinary tract from
-ascending infection from the bladder (ascending pyelonephritis)
-carried to the kidneys from the bloodstream (hematogenous pyelonephritis)
•clinical manifestations: similar with an acute infection
-localized pain and tenderness over affected kidney
-responds well to antibiotics
-cystitis and pyelonephritis are frequently associated
-some cases become chronic and lead to kidney failure

A

Pyelonephritis

27
Q

-stones may form anywhere in the urinary tract
•predisposing factors
-high concentration of salts in urine saturates urine causing salts to precipitate and form calculi
-UTI reduce solubility of salts in urine
-UT obstruction causes urine stagnation, promotes stasis and infection, further increasing stone formation

A

Urinary Calculi

28
Q

Blockage of urine outflow leads to progressive dilation of urinary tract proximal to obstruction, eventually causes compression atrophy of kidneys

  • Manifestations:
  • hydroureter: dilatation of ureter
  • hydronephrosis: dilatation of pelvis and calyces
A

Urinary Obstruction

29
Q

-inability to achieve and maintain a penile erection

A

erectile dysfunction

30
Q

an enzyme that breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Inhibits cGMP breakdown, which prolongs its action, thereby facilitating penile erection in men with erectile dysfunction.

A

phosphodiesterase