Chapter 13- Breast And Female Reproductive System Flashcards
At puberty, one or both breasts over respond to hormonal stimulation; overgrowth of fibrous tissue, not glands or fat
Breast Hypertrophy
Ducal and fibrous tissue of adolescent male breast proliferate affecting one or more breast; from temporary imbalance of female and male hormones in the male at puberty
Gynecomastia
Aka: fibrocystic disease
Common, benign
-irregular cyclic response to hormones during menstrual cycle
-ultrasound examination helpful in distinguishing cystic from solid mass
Benign Cystic Change in Breast
- benign
- well-circumscribed tumors of fibrous and glandular tissue
- common in young women
- surgically excised
Fibroadenoma
- familial tendency
- hormonal factors
- birth of first child after 30
- early monarchy
- late menopause
- one in every 8 women
Risk factors of breast carcinoma
- increases breast and ovarian carcinoma risk
- breast cancer risk at 80%
- ovarian cancer risk at 20-40%
- large gene with many different mutations
Mutant BRCA1 gene
Breast cancer risk at 80%
Lower ovarian carcinoma risk at 10-20%
Mutant BRCA2 gene
Aka total mastectomy
Resecting entire breast
Modified radical mastectomy
Removing only part of breast with tumor
Partial mastectomy
May appear many years after original tumor has been resected
Tumor no longer curable, treatment is to control growth, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life
Recurrent and metastatic carcinoma
Common, causes vaginal discharge, itching, and irritation
- candida albicans
- trichomonas vaginalis
- gardnerella (hemophilius ) vaginalis in conjunction with anaerobic bacteria
Vaginitis
Mild chronic inflammation; common in women who have has children
- more severe inflammation caused by gonococci or Chlamydia
- may spread to infect tubes and adjacent tissues (PID)
Cervicitis
Tubal infection
Salpingitis
Inflammation of Fallopian tubes, along with ovaries at times
Manifestations:
-lower abdominal pain, tenderness, fever, leukocytosis
-secondary to ascending spread of cervical gonorrheal or chlamydial infection
-tubal scarring following healing predisposes risk to ectopic pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease, PID
Venereal warts in genital tract -benign tumor-like overgrowths of squamous epithelium -acquired and transmitted by sexual contact Locations: Mucosa in cervix and vagina Vaginal opening Around anus Treatment: destroy lesions
Condylomas
Deposits of endometrial tissue outside normal location in endometrial cavity
Ectopic sites: uterine wall; ovary; elsewhere in pelvis; appendix; rectum
Secondary scarring may obstruct Fallopian tubes
Diagnosis - laparoscopy - allows visualization of ectopic deposits followed by removing or destroying deposits surgically, with drugs, or hormones
Endometriosis
Benign, arise from cervix
Small - large in size
Surgical removal
Cervical polyps
Abnormal growth and maturation of cervical squamous epithelium
Dysplastic changes range from mild dysplasia (cervical inflammation, regresses spontaneously) to severe dysplasia (does not regress, may progress to in situ carcinoma or invasive carcinoma)
Cervical dysplasia
•benign smooth muscle tumors from uterine wall
- 30% of women over 30 have them
- may cause irregular/heavy uterine bleeding
- symptoms related to pressure on bladder and rectum
Uterine Myomas
Crampy lower abdominal pain that begins just before menstruation
Pain lasts for 1-2 days after onset of mestrual flow
Treatment: prostaglandin inhibitors, oral contraceptives
Primary Dysmenorrhea
From various diseases of the pelvic organs, such as endometriosis
Treatment: correct underlying cause
Secondary dysmenorrhea
Arise from ovarian follicles or corpora lutea that have failed to regress normally and converted to fluid filled cysts
Ovarian cysts
Endometrial deposits in ovary filled with old blood and debris
Endometrial cysts
- arise from unfertilized ova that undergo neoplastic change
- contains skin, hair, teeth, bone, parts of gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, and other tissues growing in jumbled fashion
Benign cystic teratoma (Dermoid cyst)
