Chapter 13- Breast And Female Reproductive System

Question 1

At puberty, one or both breasts over respond to hormonal stimulation; overgrowth of fibrous tissue, not glands or fat

Answer 1

Breast Hypertrophy

Question 2

Ducal and fibrous tissue of adolescent male breast proliferate affecting one or more breast; from temporary imbalance of female and male hormones in the male at puberty

Answer 2

Gynecomastia

Question 3

Aka: fibrocystic disease
Common, benign
-irregular cyclic response to hormones during menstrual cycle
-ultrasound examination helpful in distinguishing cystic from solid mass

Answer 3

Benign Cystic Change in Breast

Question 4

• benign
• well-circumscribed tumors of fibrous and glandular tissue
• common in young women
• surgically excised

Answer 4

Fibroadenoma

Question 5

• familial tendency
• hormonal factors
• birth of first child after 30
• early monarchy
• late menopause
• one in every 8 women

Answer 5

Risk factors of breast carcinoma

Question 6

• increases breast and ovarian carcinoma risk
• breast cancer risk at 80%
• ovarian cancer risk at 20-40%
• large gene with many different mutations

Answer 6

Mutant BRCA1 gene

Question 7

Breast cancer risk at 80%

Lower ovarian carcinoma risk at 10-20%

Answer 7

Mutant BRCA2 gene

Question 8

Aka total mastectomy

Resecting entire breast

Answer 8

Modified radical mastectomy

Question 9

Removing only part of breast with tumor

Answer 9

Partial mastectomy

Question 10

May appear many years after original tumor has been resected
Tumor no longer curable, treatment is to control growth, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life

Answer 10

Recurrent and metastatic carcinoma

Question 11

Common, causes vaginal discharge, itching, and irritation

• candida albicans
• trichomonas vaginalis
• gardnerella (hemophilius ) vaginalis in conjunction with anaerobic bacteria

Answer 11

Vaginitis

Question 12

Mild chronic inflammation; common in women who have has children

• more severe inflammation caused by gonococci or Chlamydia
• may spread to infect tubes and adjacent tissues (PID)

Answer 12

Cervicitis

Question 13

Tubal infection

Answer 13

Salpingitis

Question 14

Inflammation of Fallopian tubes, along with ovaries at times
Manifestations:
-lower abdominal pain, tenderness, fever, leukocytosis
-secondary to ascending spread of cervical gonorrheal or chlamydial infection
-tubal scarring following healing predisposes risk to ectopic pregnancy

Answer 14

Pelvic inflammatory disease, PID

Question 15

Venereal warts in genital tract 
-benign tumor-like overgrowths of squamous epithelium 
-acquired and transmitted by sexual contact 
Locations: 
Mucosa in cervix and vagina
Vaginal opening
Around anus
Treatment: destroy lesions

Answer 15

Condylomas

Question 16

Deposits of endometrial tissue outside normal location in endometrial cavity
Ectopic sites: uterine wall; ovary; elsewhere in pelvis; appendix; rectum
Secondary scarring may obstruct Fallopian tubes
Diagnosis - laparoscopy - allows visualization of ectopic deposits followed by removing or destroying deposits surgically, with drugs, or hormones

Answer 16

Endometriosis

Question 17

Benign, arise from cervix
Small - large in size
Surgical removal

Answer 17

Cervical polyps

Question 18

Abnormal growth and maturation of cervical squamous epithelium
Dysplastic changes range from mild dysplasia (cervical inflammation, regresses spontaneously) to severe dysplasia (does not regress, may progress to in situ carcinoma or invasive carcinoma)

Answer 18

Cervical dysplasia

Question 19

•benign smooth muscle tumors from uterine wall

• 30% of women over 30 have them
• may cause irregular/heavy uterine bleeding
• symptoms related to pressure on bladder and rectum

Answer 19

Uterine Myomas

Question 20

Crampy lower abdominal pain that begins just before menstruation
Pain lasts for 1-2 days after onset of mestrual flow
Treatment: prostaglandin inhibitors, oral contraceptives

Answer 20

Primary Dysmenorrhea

Question 21

From various diseases of the pelvic organs, such as endometriosis
Treatment: correct underlying cause

Answer 21

Secondary dysmenorrhea

Question 22

Arise from ovarian follicles or corpora lutea that have failed to regress normally and converted to fluid filled cysts

Answer 22

Ovarian cysts

Question 23

Endometrial deposits in ovary filled with old blood and debris

Answer 23

Endometrial cysts

Question 24

• arise from unfertilized ova that undergo neoplastic change
• contains skin, hair, teeth, bone, parts of gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, and other tissues growing in jumbled fashion

Answer 24

Benign cystic teratoma (Dermoid cyst)

Question 25

From fibrous connective tissue cells of ovary

Answer 25

Fibroma

Question 26

• irregular white patches on vulvar skin (leukoplakia)
• intense itching
• may progress to carcinoma
• local treatment usually effective

Answer 26

Vulvar dystrophy

Question 27

• found in pre- and post-menopausal women
• usually with a pre-existing vulvar dystrophy
• treated by vulvectomy and excision of inguinal lymph nodes

Answer 27

Carcinoma of the vulva

Question 28

•occurs most commonly in women using high absorbency tampons
•caused by toxin produced by Staphylococci in vagina
•menstrual blood/secretions serve as good culture medium for bacteria
-fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle aches pains
-rash followed by flaking and peeling

Answer 28

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)