Chapter 15 Serous Fluids Flashcards
Fluid between the membranes of closed body cavities
Serous fluid
Lines the cavity walls
Parietal membrane
Covers the organs within the cavity
Visceral membrane
Provides lubrication to prevent friction between 2 membranes when organs move
Serous fluid
Label the missing visceral and parietal membranes
Space between each lung and the chest wall
Pleural cavities
A thin membrane lines the pleural cavities
- composed of thin layer of mesothelial cells
- provides a moist surface to minimize friction
Pleura
Surrounds the heart
Pericardial cavity
Thin membrane that covers the pericardial party
- composed of a single layer of mesothelial cells
Pericardium
Pericardial fluid reactions
- Fluid can accumulate
- can restrict the normal heart beat (cardiac tamponade)
Name the cavity or cells
Space between the abdominal wall and outside of the stomach, small and large intestine, liver, and superior aspect of the urinary bladder and uterus
Peritoneal cavity
Consists of one layer of mesothelial cells
Peritoneal lining
Accumulation of peritoneal fluid
Ascites
3 types of body fluids
Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal
Similar findings for all 3 fluids (6)
- Minimal amount of fluid
- produced by the parietal lining
- absorbed by the visceral lining
- fluid is produced by plasma filtration through capillary endothelial cells
- amount produced depends on 4 factors
- pathological state results in effusion - abnormal fluid collection
What 4 factors does the amount produced depend on
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- decreased plasma oncotic pressure
- decreased lymphatic resorption
- increased capillary permeability
Types of effusion
Transudate and exudate
Contain a small amount of fluids to lubricate and cushion organ movement
Body cavities
Amount of fluid is maintained by an equilibrium between
The fluid, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels of an organ
Any compromise can cause an escape and buildup of fluids into the body cavity called
Effusion
Needle puncture for aspiration of fluids from body cavities
Centesis
Thoracentesis
Pleural
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardial
Paracentesis or peritoneocentesis also known as ascitic fluid
Peritoneal
Intermittent drainage of excess fluid through a catheter that remains in the pleural space
Pleural catheter
Repeated fluid removal via a syringe or temporary external catheter connected to a vacuum container
Serial thoracenteses
Creation of scar tissue in pleural space
Pleurodesis
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure causes
Congestive heart failure
Salt and fluid retention
Decreased oncotic pressure causes
Nephrotic syndrome
hepatic cirrhosis
Malnutrition
Protein-losing enteropathy
Increased capillary permeability causes
Microbial infections
Membrane inflammations
Malignancy
Lymphatic obstruction causes
Malignant tumors
Lymphomas
Infection and inflammation
Thoracic duct injury
Causes of exudate
Increased capillary permeability
Decreased lymphatic absorption
Causes of transudate
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Decreased oncotic pressure
Conditions of exudate
Infections, inflammatory, neoplasms
Conditions of transudate
Congestive heart failure, renal disease, cirrhosis, malnutrition
Specific gravity: >1.015
Protein: >3.0 g/dL
Fluid:serum ratio: >0.5
Lactic dehydrogenase fluid:serum ratio: >0.6
WBC: >1000 per microliter
Diff: >25% PMN, many mesothelial cells, malignant cells
Fibrinogen: cause clotting
Exudate
Specific gravity: <1.015 Protein: <3.0 g/dL Fluid:serum ratio: <0.5 Lactic dehydrogenase fluid:serum ratio: <0.6 WBC: <1000 per microliter Diff: <25% PMN and lymphs Fibrinogen: none
Transudate
Decreased in infection, tuberculosis, rheumatoid inflammation
Glucose
Elevated in bacterial infections
Lactate
Increased in pancreatitis, esophageal rupture and malignancy
Amylase
Decreased in pneumonia resistant to antibiotics and esophageal rupture
pH
Increased in tuberculosis and malignancy
Adenosine deaminase
Infections: bacteria, tuberculosis, fungal and viral
Microbiological studies
Malignancies
Cytology studies
Normal appearance
Clear, pale, yellow
Microbial infection appearance
Turbid, cloudy
Hemothorax, hemorrhagic effusion, pulmonary embolism, TB, cardiac puncture, anticoagulants, malignancy appearance
Bloody (hematocrit is run >50% indicates hemothorax)
Chylous or pseudochylous material appearance
Milky, opaque. Remains in the supernatant after centrifugation
Rupture of liver abscess, bile appearance
Brown
Gallbladder, pancreatic disorders appearance
Green
Aspergillous appearand
Black
Results from leakage of lymphatic vessels of the major thoracic duct
Chylous effusion in pleural cavity
Results from blockage of the lymphatic vessel
Chylous effusion of peritoneal fluid
Associated with malignancy and trauma
Chylous effusion
Rich in chylomicrons, high triglycerides >110 mg/dL, lymphocyte predominant cell
Chylous effusion
Results from conditions such as TB and rheumatoid pleuritis
Pseudochylous effusions
Cholesterol high with crystals, chylomicrons not present, triglycerides < 50 mg/dL
Pseudochylous effusions
Mixed reactive cell population
- inflammatory cells, necrotic cells
Psuedochylous effusions
No question
Bacterial endocarditis differential
Increased neutrophils or gram stain and culture
Metastatic carcinoma differential
Malignant cells or carcinoembryonic antigen
Tubercular effusion differential
Acid-fast stain or adenosine deaminase
Best differentiation for peritoneal transudates and exudates
Serum-ascites
Serum and fluid albumin levels are measured; fluid level is subtracted from serum level; difference (gradient) > than 1.1 =
Transudate (hepatic origin)
Serum albumin 3.8 - fluid albumin 1.2 =2.6 =
Hepatic transudate
Segmented neutrophils are found in
Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid
Artifactual change in neutrophils
Differences in segmented neutrophils (3)
- Artifactual changes due to cytocentrifugation
- degeneration
- immature neutrophils
Lymphocytes in various morphologies are present in
All body fluid types
Lymphocyte difference in cytocentrifugation (3)
- Nucleoli can be more prominent
- Irregular nuclear shape
- cytoplasmic projections
Overly prominent nucleoli in lymphocytes
Not seen in normal fluids; found in chronic inflammatory disorders
Plasma cells
Small numbers in pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, joint fluid
High in various disorders
Eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
Appear similar to those in PB smears
Monocytes
Larger, abundant vacuolated cytoplasm
Histiocytes
Has phagocytosed material
Macrophages, phagocyte
Large vacuoles fuse, nucleus flattened against membrane
Signet ring
Cell and fluid type
Monocytes in pleural fluid
Cell and fluid type
Histiocyte in pleural fluid
Cell and fluid type
Macrophage in pleural fluid (“signet ring” appearance)
- Seen in any BFs
- must be differentiated from malignant cells
Benign tissue cells
- Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluid
- cytoplasm = moderate to abundant, light or dark blue, may contain granules or phagocytosed debris
- nucleus- eccentric, homogenous chromatin pattern, nucleoli blue with smooth membrane
Benign mesothelial cells
Single cell layer lines membranes; “fried egg appearance”
Mesothelial Cells
Benign mesothelial cells
Mesothelia cells that may be multinucleated
Reactive Cells
Reactive mesothelial cells
Wright’s stain of cytocentrifage prep test for what
Bacteria, fungi, yeast
- Stains blue with wright’s stain
- intracellular establishes pathogenicity
- gram stain
Bacteria
- CSF
- can be seen intracellulary
- most frequent fungal organisms: cryptococcus, histoplasma, candida albicans, candida tropicalis
Yeast
Intracellular and extracellular bacteria, bacilli
Candida tropicalis
- Can contain malignant cells
- ID critical for making correct diagnosis
- may establish a condition of tumor metastasis
- may be the initial diagnosis of malignancy
Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids
Malignant: hematopoietic examples
Leukemia, lymphoma
Malignant: nonhematopoietic examples
Carcinoma, sarcoma
General malignant cell features
- Irregular nuclear membrane - jagged or multiple folds
- unevenly distributed chromatin
- Nucleoli irregular membrane, prominent, irregular shape
- N:C ratio varies
Must common nonhematopoietic malignancy
Adenocarcinomas
- Larger than small cell carcinoma
- moderate to abundant cytoplasm
- nuclear chromatin-partially clumped, heterogeneous, prominent nucleoli
- cytoplasmic vacuoles
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoembryonic antigen gastric cancer tumor marker
CEA
Metastatic uterine cancer tumor marker
CA125
Breast cancer tumor markers
CA15.3 and CA540
Lung cancer tumor marker
CYFRA 21.1
Metastatic breast carcinoma cells
Small cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma
Pancreatic carcinoma
Bile pigment in macrophage due to cholangiocarcinoma