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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

Scientific study of psychological disorders and abnormal behavior

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2
Q

Insane (insanity)

A

a legal term, not a medical or psychological one. Insanity has implications for being held responsible for a criminal act (an issue of free will)

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3
Q

Deviance

A

• The individual’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions are unusual

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4
Q

Distress

A

• The individual is negatively affecting others and/or self

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5
Q

Dysfunction

A

• The individual’s behavior/thoughts/emotions are interfering with daily functioning

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6
Q

Danger

A

• The individual’s behavior/thoughts/emotions are putting others or him/herself at risk for physical harm

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7
Q

Clinical Interview

A

• Meeting face to face with a client and asking questions in a structured or unstructured format

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8
Q

Clinical Tests

A

• Clinician administers a questionnaire with the client

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9
Q

Clinical Observations

A

• Clinician observes the client’s behavior

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10
Q

Analog Observation

A

client observed in clinical environment (office, school, hospital, etc.)

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11
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

client observed in everyday environment

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12
Q

Self Monitoring

A

clients observe/record their own behavior

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13
Q

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A
  • A manual created by clinicians to aid in diagnosing and classifying psychological disorders
  • Published the the American Psychiatric Association
  • It provides standardized terms and criteria to define and diagnose disorders
  • An early predecessor was originally titled Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane
  • The current edition is the DSM-5(2013) and it contains nearly 300 disorders, sorted by type and subtype
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14
Q

When was the first modern edition of DSM published?

A

First modern edition (DSM-1) was published in 1953

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15
Q

How Widespread are Mental Disorder?

A
  • Nearly half (46%) of Americans will have a diagnosable mental disorder in their lifetime
  • Only about 6% of Americans will have a severely debilitating mental disorder requiring intense therapy or hospitalization
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16
Q

What is the most common diagnosed category of disorders?

A

Anxiety

• Much less common disorders (but popular in the media) include schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder

17
Q

Reasons on why psychological disorders are increasing

A
  • Clinicians are getting better at diagnosing disorders and diagnosing them earlier than before (DSM & fewer symptoms have to be expressed to count towards diagnosis than before)
  • More behaviors/thoughts/emotions are considered to be abnormal than before (The overall number of official disorders keeps increasing with each edition of the DSM & While some new additions seem legitimate (such as adding subtypes of autism including
    Asperger’s syndrome) some of these disorders seem a bit oversensitive (One newer disorder in the DSM is “caffeine intoxication” which can result after 3 or more cups of coffee))
  • The mental health of the population appears to be getting worse
18
Q

What Causes Psychological Disorders?

A
  • Biological/Physiological Model
  • Psychodynamic Model
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Model
  • Sociocultural Model
19
Q

Biological Model for psychological Disorders

A
  • Disorders arise due to malfunctions in the brain disease, injury, rain infection OR imbalance in neurotransmitters (serotonin=depression) OR hereditary (bipolar and schizophrenia)
20
Q

Psychodynamic Model for Psychological Disorders

A 
• Underlying, unconscious forces 
cause conflict and create disorders
• If one has problems during 
childhood, they will become 
“fixated” and cannot properly 
adjust and develop
21
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Psychological Disorders

A
  • Disorders arise from maladaptive behavior and problematic thought
  • Environment improperly reinforces unhealthy behavior• Intense, competitive workplace encourages drug or alcohol use
  • Unrealistic appraisals of the self, others, and environment contribute to disorders• One could overreact to mildly stressful situations, or undervalue meaningful qualities of self and others
  • Focus too much on negative experiences and ignore positive ones
22
Q

Disorder categories

A
  • Anxiety disorder
  • Mood disorder
  • Substance abuse disorder
  • Personality disorder
23
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

• They tend to feature: - Irrational, disabling levels of fear or anxiety
- Fear or anxiety that is persistent or easily triggered
• Generalized anxiety disorder: - Persistent anxiety or fear without a specific trigger - Restlessness, has difficulty concentrating or sleeping

24
Q

Stress Disorders

A

• Stress disorders often feature anxiety or depression following a specific, traumatic event
• If the symptoms last less than a month, it is called Acute stress disorder
• If the symptoms last more than a month, it is called Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Key symptoms include:• Hyper alertness to surroundings
- Easily startled by ordinary stimuli in environment
- Sleep disturbances
- Overwhelming guilt

25
Q

Mood Disorders

A 
• Mood disorders typically feature
- Depression: low, sad state in which 
one feels overwhelmed
- Depression is the most common 
symptom/diagnosis for mood 
disorders
- Mania: inappropriate elation and 
frenzied energy
26
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

• The most commonly diagnosed mood disorder
• It features symptoms in five areas
-Emotional: depressed mood
-Motivational: loss of desire to do usual activities, lack of drive
-Behavioral: less active and productive, may move and speak slowly
-Cognitive: negative self-evaluation, self-blame, pessimism
-Physical: headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, pain, sleep and eating disturbance
• A typical major depressive disorder diagnosis requires the symptoms last at
least two weeks

27
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

• Bipolar Disorder is when an individual cycles between depression and
mania
• In addition to depression, the mania symptoms typical of bipolar disorder
include
- Emotional: powerful highs and lows
- Motivational: seek excitement and companionship
- Behavioral: may move and speak quickly
- Cognitive: poor judgment and planning, optimism, grandiosity
- Physical: energetic, require little sleep

28
Q

Substance Abuse Disorders

A

These disorders feature the same main characteristic regardless of the particular drug involved:• Dependence on a substance even though it has physical, mental, and social side effects
• Other key characteristics of substance abuse disorders include
- Tolerance: needing more quantities of the drug over time to achieve the same feeling
- Withdrawal: unpleasant physical and psychological sensations when use of the substance slows or stops

29
Q

Personality Disorders

A 
• Maladaptive patterns of behavior 
and thought that clash or violate 
cultural norms
• Some famous types include
       - Borderline personality disorder: 
unstable emotions, sense of self, 
and relationships with others
       - Narcissistic personality disorder: 
exaggerated feelings of self 
importance, lack of empathy, 
excessive need for admiration
30
Q

Schizophrenia

A 
• Losing contact with reality
• Key symptoms include
      - Delusions: false beliefs
      - Hallucinations: false sensory 
perceptions
      - Disorganized thinking and speech
      - Inappropriate emotions and 
behaviors
31
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A 
• A person has separate, distinct 
personalities and memories
• Despite its popularity in popular 
culture, dissociative identity disorder 
is a very rare condition
32
Q

Treatment for Psychological Disorders

A
  • Drug Therapy
  • Insight Therapy
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
33
Q

Drug Therapy

A

• Drug therapy
• The most commonly applied treatment for psychological disorders
• Commonly prescribed drugs for disorders include:
• Antidepressants for depressive disorders
• Antipsychotics for schizophrenia
• Mood stabilizers for bipolar disorders
• Most drugs target neurotransmitters in the brain
• Some mimic the desired neurotransmitter or prevent its reuptake between synapses,
therefore increasing the concentration (such as antidepressants increasing serotonin)
• Some reduce the release of the desired neurotransmitter or block its transmission
between synapses, therefore reducing the concentration (such as antipsychotics
reducing dopamine)

34
Q

Insight Therapy

A

• Otherwise known as psychoanalysis, it is the “talking cure” created by Freud
• Assumes root causes of a disorder are based in childhood experiences or trauma
• The patient must discuss current and past events, dreams, or whatever the
psychoanalyst can use to uncover the underlying cause of the disorder

35
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

• Must recognize maladaptive behaviors or thoughts and correct them
• Instead of looking at childhood experiences for clues, will focus on present
circumstances and the immediate environment
• Uses many techniques including reframing (adjusting expectations or
assumptions) or exposure (repeatedly and directly encountering a fear-inducing
stimulus)

Introduction to Psychology (4 decks)

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