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Cell Biology Final Exam > Chapter 15 Prokaryotic Transcription > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Prokaryotic Transcription Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is an incorrect function of these enzymes in prokaryotic DNA replication?

A.Helicase—unwinds and separates parental double helix

B.Primase—forms DNA primer to start replication

C.Ligase—bonds together Okazaki fragment

D.None of the above—all are correct pairings

A

B

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2
Q

The information in DNA is a triplet code. How many unique mRNA codons can be constructed from the four different RNA nucleotides?

A

64

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3
Q

If the nucleotide sequence on the coding DNA strand is CAT, what is the corresponding codon on mRNA?

A

CAU

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4
Q

=“turn a gene on”

A

Gene Expression

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5
Q

Expressing different genes in a cell’s nucleus results in the

A

production of different proteins

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6
Q

What gener located on chromosome 11 encodes the info to build up the protein hemoglobin?

A

HBB gene

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7
Q

What causes the cells to be sickle shape?

A

The change in the DNA code causes ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN structure which results in sickled shaped blood cells

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8
Q

•“black urine” disease

A

alkaptonuria

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9
Q

Who studied alkaptonuria

A

Garrod

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10
Q

–examined several generations of families with the “black urine” disease and determined that it is inherited via a recessive allele

A

Garrod

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11
Q

What is important about Garrod?

A

Made observational inference, he did not conduct any research

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12
Q

–hypothesized that patients with the disease lacked a particular enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of homogentisic acid and thus they had black urine.

A

Garrod

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13
Q

–Inferred that a gene had something to do with enzyme production

A

Garrod

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14
Q

Scientific data for explaining the function of genes came from studying

A

fungus

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15
Q

–studied Neurospora crassa— Bread mold which can grow on a minimal medium

A

•George Beadle and Edward Tatum, 1941

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16
Q

Neurospora cells that can grow on minimal media must be able to

A

•synthesize all their necessary biological molecules

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17
Q

hypothesized that each gene in an organism is responsible for making a protein, most of which function as enzymes in biochemical pathways.

A

Beadle and Tatum

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18
Q

–Used X-rays to intentionally damage the DNA in cells of Neurospora

A

Beadle and Tatum

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19
Q

A GENE CONTAINS THE

ENCODED INFORMATION

USED TO BUILD A PROTEIN

A

Beadle and Tatum

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20
Q

states that information flows in one direction:

A

central dogma

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21
Q

is the flow of information from DNA to RNA.

A

transcription

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22
Q

is the flow of information from RNA to protein.

A

Translation

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23
Q

Exception(s) to central dogma

A

Some viruses have a RNA genome and first
do reverse transcription!

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24
Q

“to copy”

A

Transcription

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25
Q

3 important things to remember about RNA

A

1) is single stranded not double stranded, 2) has ribose sugar not deoxyribose sugar, and 3) has the base uracil NOT thymine.

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26
Q

RNA) is involved in both transcription and translation

A

mRNA

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27
Q

making an mRNA copy of a gene

A

Transcription

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28
Q

The strand that is copied in transcription

A

template strand

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29
Q

Template strand is identified by

A

3’ to 5’ sequence

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30
Q

The other strand of DNA that is NOT used as a template is called the

A

Coding Strand

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31
Q

•If DNA template strand reads

3’ ATACGATTA 5’

What would be the mRNA bases?

A

• 5’ UAUGCUAAU 3’

32
Q

converts
base-pair code in mRNA a sequence of amino acids (a polypeptide) and involves all three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

A

Translation

33
Q

hypothesized that the DNA code is read in a series of blocks of information— each block consisting of 3 bases

A

Crick and Brenner

34
Q

set of 3 mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

A

codon

35
Q

the series of nucleotides read in sets of 3 (codon) with no punctuation

A

reading frame

36
Q

If a DNA triplet on the template strand reads CAT, the corresponding mRNA codon would be

A

GUA

37
Q

Alternative splicing

A

A.Occurs only in eukaryotes

38
Q

–Transcription: DNA→RNA “to copy”

•Involves one primary type of RNA—

A

messenger RNA

39
Q

–Translation: RNA → protein

•Involves three primary types of RNA:

A

–messenger RNA (mRNA)

–transfer RNA (tRNA)

–ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

40
Q

•is a single-stranded RNA copy of the DNA gene

A

messenger RNA

41
Q

are the molecules that transport the amino acids to the ribosomes

A

Transfer RNA

42
Q

along with proteins compose the ribosomes —the organelle that produces the polypeptide

A

ribosomal RNA

43
Q

was the primary individual who identified most of the codons that specify each amino acid (1961-1966).

Used bacteria & artificial RNA

A

Nirenberg

44
Q

3 codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) in the genetic code are used to terminate translation

A

Stop codons

45
Q

List of Stop codons

A

3 codons (UAA, UGA, UAG) in the genetic code are used to terminate translation

46
Q

the codon (AUG) used to signify the start of translation; it also codes for amino acid methionine

A

start codon

47
Q

start codon

A

AUG, methionine

48
Q

The genetic code is DEGENERATE:

A

some amino acids are specified by more than one codon.

49
Q

The genetic code is also SPECIFIC:

A

Each codon never specifies more than one amino acid

50
Q

Differences between tanscription i eukaryotes versus prokaryotes

A

1) In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in nucleus and translation occurs in cytoplasm
2) RNA processing only in eukaryotes

51
Q

the key enzyme in transciption

A

RNA Polymerase

52
Q

•The enzyme that produces mRNA by transcribing the DNA of a gene

A

RNA Polymerase

53
Q

cells contain a single type of RNA polymerase

A

Prolkaryotic cells

54
Q

2 distince forms of RNA Ploymerase in prokaryotic cells

A

core enzymes and holoenzymes

55
Q

is composed of the core enzyme and the sigma factor which is required for transcription initiation

A

holoenzyme

56
Q

is capable of RNA synthesis from a DNA template but cannot initiate synthesis

A

core enzyme

57
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription:
Step One:

A

Initiation

58
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription:
Step One: Initiation

A

–RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription at the promoter segment of a gene, “upstream” of the information contained in the transcription unit.

59
Q

signals the beginning of transcription

A

promoter

60
Q

part of this region conains the info that specifies an amino acid sequence

A

Transcribed Region

61
Q

Signals the end of transcription

A

Terminator

62
Q

RNA polymerase binds to promoter and DNA unwinds

A

Step 1: Initiation in Prokaryotes

63
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription:
Step Two:

A

Elongation

64
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription:
Step Two: Elongation

A

During elongation, the transcription bubble moves down the DNA template at a rate of 50 nucleotides/sec.

65
Q

mRNA synthesis is in the
______ direction along
the _____ template DNA strand

A

5’→3’ ,3’→5’

66
Q

The transcription bubble consists of:

A

1) RNA polymerase
2) DNA template
3) growing RNA transcript

67
Q

Sigma factor released—RNA polymerase moves along the template strand synthesizing mRNA in the 5’→3’ direction

A

Step 2: Elongation

68
Q

After transcription bubble passes, the now-transcribed DNA

A

DNA is rewound as it leaves the bubble.

69
Q

STEP 3 (Transcription):

A

Termination

70
Q

involves:

1) Phosphodiester bond formation ceases
2) RNA-DNA hybrid within the transcription bubble dissociates
3) RNA polymerase releases DNA
4) DNA within the transcription bubble rewinds

A

Prokaryotic Tanscription Step 3: Termination

71
Q

Prokaryotic Tanscription Step 3: Termination

Involves:

A

1) Phosphodiester bond formation ceases
2) RNA-DNA hybrid within the transcription bubble dissociates
3) RNA polymerase releases DNA
4) DNA within the transcription bubble rewinds

72
Q

In prokaryotes ONLY,

A

transcription is coupled to immediate translation to produce protein

Translation of the mRNA message by the ribosomes is occurring before transcription is finished

As soon as a 5’ end of mRNA becomes available, ribosomes are loaded onto this to begin translation.

73
Q

–RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription by binding to a promoter and DNA is unwound

A

Transcription Intitiation in Prokaryotes

74
Q

–RNA nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the new RNA

A

Transcription Elongating in Prokaryotes

75
Q

–RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters terminators in the DNA sequence

A

Transcription termination in prokaryotes

76
Q
A

Cell Biology Final Exam (6 decks)

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