Chapter 14 Prokaryote DNA replication Flashcards
1
Q
A
A
5’
2
Q
B
A
3’
3
Q
C
A
Parent DNA
4
Q
D
A
Helicase
5
Q
E
A
Primase
6
Q
F
A
Laggin Strand/ Okazaki Fragment
7
Q
G
A
RNA Primer
8
Q
H
A
DNA Ligase
9
Q
I
A
3’
10
Q
J
A
5’
11
Q
K
A
DNA Polymerase 1
12
Q
L
A
DNA Polymerase III
13
Q
M
A
Lagging Strand
14
Q
N
A
Open Beta Clamp
15
Q
O
A
New Bases
16
Q
Q
A
Leading Strand
17
Q
R
A
Beta Clamp (SLiding Clamp)
18
Q
S
A
Single Stranded Binding Proteins
19
Q
T
A
DNA Gyrase
20
Q
Watson and Crick
A
detailed molecular model
- DNA consists of two nucleotide strands in the form of a double helix
- The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases
- Specific base pairing rules
–A binds only with T
–C binds only with G
•The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL
–opposite directions!!!
21
Q
Nucleotide (better definition?)
A
Monomer of all nucleic acids
22
Q
detailed molecular model
- DNA consists of two nucleotide strands in the form of a double helix
- The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases
- Specific base pairing rules
–A binds only with T
–C binds only with G
•The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL
–opposite directions!!!
A
Watson and Crick
23
Q
Monomer of all nucleic acids
A
Nucleotide (better definition?)
24
Q
what is attached to the 3’ carbon of deoxyribose
A
free hydroxyl group
25
What is attatched to the 5' carbon of deoxyribose
phosphate group
26
pair of ester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
phosphodiester bonds
27
Dehydration reaction forms the bond connecting nucleotides together which requires a
Hydroxyl group
28
•The phosphate group of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in line resulting in a
backbone
29
who recognized recognized that only a pyrimidine-purine pairing would match the X-ray data they obtained from Rosalind Franklin
Watson and Crick
30
What nucleotides form two hydrogen bonds together?
adenine and thymine
31
What nucleotides for three hydrogen bonds with one another?
cytosine and guanine
32
The following info explains what rules?
## Footnote
–Adenine forms two hydrogen
bonds only with thymine
–Guanine forms three
hydrogen bonds only with
cytosine.
Chargaff’s rules
33
A+T = C+G
Chargaff’s rules
34
Binary Fision
DNA replication in prokaryotes
35
Difference between DNA reproduction in Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
No mitosis or sister chromatids in prokaryotes
36
Step 1 of binary fision
Cell elongates and DNA is replicated
37
Step 2 of Binary Fision
Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane begin to divide
38
Step 3 of Binary Fision
Cross-wall forms completely around DNA
39
Step 4 binary fision
Cells seperate
40
Who was responsible for the experiment for seeing tranformation in DNA
Frederick Griffith (need more info)
41
Who was responsible for the experiment inolving DNA as a tranforming substance
Oswald Avery (need more info)
42
Who provided the evidence for final confirmation the DNA is the genetic information molecule?
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
43
–observed the transforming principle in Streptococcus
Griffith
44
–experimentally demonstrated that DNA is the transforming substance in Streptococcus
Avery, McLeod & McCarty
45
–final confirmation of DNA as hereditary information uses phages
Hershey and Chase
46
–early x-ray photography of DNA
Wilkins
47
–structure was a helix based on photo
Franklin
48
–A=T and C=G rule
Chargaff
49
–structure of DNA is a double helix based on Wilkins, Franklin, and Chargaff
Watson and Crick
50
```
Which scientist(s) demonstrated that DNA was the transforming substance in the
bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae?
```
Avery, McLeod, and McCarty
51
Who investigated the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae & hypothesized that some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent.
Griffith (He did not identify the substance incolved in this trnsfer of information)
52
Bacteriophages that are exposed to radioactive sulfur have radioactive
protein coats. True or False.
True
53
experimentally confirmed that DNA was the hereditary molecule
Hershey and Chase
54
a.Produced on the lagging strand
Okazaki Fragments
55
Used nitrogen isotopes of varying WEIGHT not radioactive ones
Used E.coli as their model organism
Meselson and Stahl
56
•The first replication in the 14N medium produced a band of hybrid (15N-14N) DNA, thus eliminating what model in the Meselson and Stahl experiment.
thus eliminating the conservative model
57
A second replication produced both light and hybrid DNA in the Meselson and Stahl experiments eliminated and supported what models of DNA
•eliminating the dispersive model and supporting the semiconservative model of DNA replication
58
Each new strand is half original and half new
Both new strands are identical—they are now sister chromatids!!!Supporting what model?
Semi-Conservative
59
Free -OH group is on what end of the DNA
3'
60
•is a complex molecular machine that carries out replication of DNA—think of it as the “replication organelle”
Replisome
61
consists of
TWO replication forks with each fork having its own replisome
Replication bubble
62
Replication bubble
consists of
TWO replication forks with each fork having its own replisome
63
2 types of DNA strand sythesis
continuous and discontinuous
64
•the strand of each replication fork that is replicated in a continuous fashion
Leading Strand
65
•the strand of DNA in each replication fork that is replicated in a discontinuous fashion
Lagging Strand
66
The leading strand always
heads into the fork going towards the parental 5’ end
67
The lagging strand always
heads away from fork from the parental 3’ end
68
Unwinds the double helix
Helicase
69
Synthesisizes RNA primers
Primase
70
Stabilizes single-stranded regions
single-strand binding proteins
71
relieves torque
DNA Gyrase
72
Synthesizes DNA
DNA Polymerase III
73
Erases Primer and fills gaps
DNA Polymerase I
74
Joins ends of DNA segments; DNA repair
DNA ligase
75
All DNA polymerases require what in order to begin synthesis
RNA Primer
76
DNA Polymerases only add new bases to what end of existing strands?
3' end
77
main replication enxyme responsible for the bulk of DNA sunthesis in prokaryotes
DNA Polymerase III
78
is an RNA polymerase that synthesizes short stretches of RNA 10-20 base pairs long
DNA Primase
79
•removes the RNA primers and fills in the gap by synthesizing DNA
DNA Polymerase I
80
If a short sequence of DNA is
5' AATTGCCGT 3', its complementary strand would be
A.3' TTAACGGCA 5'.
81
During DNA replication, which enzyme acts as a nuclease enzyme (removes the RNA primer) and then fills in the gap with DNA nucleotides?
A.DNA polymerase I
82
How does DNA synthesis along the lagging strand differ from that on the leading strand?\
## Footnote
A.Nucleotides are added to the 5’ end instead of the 3’end.
B.Polymerase I synthesizes the Okazaki fragments.
C.Okazaki fragments, which each grow 5’→ 3’, must be joined along the lagging strand.
D.Both B and C
E.All the above
c
83
Explain what is happening #1
Helicase unwinds the
parental double helix.
84
Explain what is happening #2
Molecules of single-
strand binding protein
stabilize the unwound
template strands.
85
Explain what is happening #3
The leading strand is
synthesized continuously in the
5¢® 3¢ direction by DNA pol III.
86
Explain what is happening #4
Primase begins synthesis
of RNA primer for a new
Okazaki fragment.
87
Explain what is happening #5
DNA pol III is completing synthesis of
the fourth fragment, when it reaches the
RNA primer on the third fragment, it will
dissociate, move to the replication fork,
and add DNA nucleotides to the 3¢ end
of the fifth fragment primer.
88
Explain what is happening #6
DNA pol I removes the primer from the 5¢ end
of the second fragment, replacing it with DNA
nucleotides that it adds one by one to the 3¢ end
of the third fragment.
89
Explain what is happening #7
DNA ligase bonds
the 3¢ end of the
second fragment to
the 5¢ end of the first
fragment.
