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Cell Biology Final Exam > Chapter 14 Prokaryote DNA replication > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Prokaryote DNA replication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A

A

5’

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2
Q

B

A

3’

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3
Q

C

A

Parent DNA

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4
Q

D

A

Helicase

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5
Q

E

A

Primase

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6
Q

F

A

Laggin Strand/ Okazaki Fragment

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7
Q

G

A

RNA Primer

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8
Q

H

A

DNA Ligase

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9
Q

I

A

3’

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10
Q

J

A

5’

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11
Q

K

A

DNA Polymerase 1

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12
Q

L

A

DNA Polymerase III

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13
Q

M

A

Lagging Strand

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14
Q

N

A

Open Beta Clamp

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15
Q

O

A

New Bases

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16
Q

Q

A

Leading Strand

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17
Q

R

A

Beta Clamp (SLiding Clamp)

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18
Q

S

A

Single Stranded Binding Proteins

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19
Q

T

A

DNA Gyrase

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20
Q

Watson and Crick

A

detailed molecular model

  • DNA consists of two nucleotide strands in the form of a double helix
  • The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases
  • Specific base pairing rules

–A binds only with T

–C binds only with G

•The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL

–opposite directions!!!

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21
Q

Nucleotide (better definition?)

A

Monomer of all nucleic acids

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22
Q

detailed molecular model

  • DNA consists of two nucleotide strands in the form of a double helix
  • The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases
  • Specific base pairing rules

–A binds only with T

–C binds only with G

•The two strands are ANTIPARALLEL

–opposite directions!!!

A

Watson and Crick

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23
Q

Monomer of all nucleic acids

A

Nucleotide (better definition?)

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24
Q

what is attached to the 3’ carbon of deoxyribose

A

free hydroxyl group

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25
Q

What is attatched to the 5’ carbon of deoxyribose

A

phosphate group

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26
Q

pair of ester bonds between adjacent nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bonds

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27
Q

Dehydration reaction forms the bond connecting nucleotides together which requires a

A

Hydroxyl group

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28
Q

•The phosphate group of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in line resulting in a

A

backbone

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29
Q

who recognized recognized that only a pyrimidine-purine pairing would match the X-ray data they obtained from Rosalind Franklin

A

Watson and Crick

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30
Q

What nucleotides form two hydrogen bonds together?

A

adenine and thymine

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31
Q

What nucleotides for three hydrogen bonds with one another?

A

cytosine and guanine

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32
Q

The following info explains what rules?

–Adenine forms two hydrogen

bonds only with thymine

–Guanine forms three
hydrogen bonds only with
cytosine.

A

Chargaff’s rules

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33
Q

A+T = C+G

A

Chargaff’s rules

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34
Q

Binary Fision

A

DNA replication in prokaryotes

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35
Q

Difference between DNA reproduction in Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

No mitosis or sister chromatids in prokaryotes

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36
Q

Step 1 of binary fision

A

Cell elongates and DNA is replicated

37
Q

Step 2 of Binary Fision

A

Cell Wall and Plasma Membrane begin to divide

38
Q

Step 3 of Binary Fision

A

Cross-wall forms completely around DNA

39
Q

Step 4 binary fision

A

Cells seperate

40
Q

Who was responsible for the experiment for seeing tranformation in DNA

A

Frederick Griffith (need more info)

41
Q

Who was responsible for the experiment inolving DNA as a tranforming substance

A

Oswald Avery (need more info)

42
Q

Who provided the evidence for final confirmation the DNA is the genetic information molecule?

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

43
Q

–observed the transforming principle in Streptococcus

A

Griffith

44
Q

–experimentally demonstrated that DNA is the transforming substance in Streptococcus

A

Avery, McLeod & McCarty

45
Q

–final confirmation of DNA as hereditary information uses phages

A

Hershey and Chase

46
Q

–early x-ray photography of DNA

A

Wilkins

47
Q

–structure was a helix based on photo

A

Franklin

48
Q

–A=T and C=G rule

A

Chargaff

49
Q

–structure of DNA is a double helix based on Wilkins, Franklin, and Chargaff

A

Watson and Crick

50
Q 
Which scientist(s) demonstrated that DNA was the transforming substance in the
bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae?
A

Avery, McLeod, and McCarty

51
Q

Who investigated the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae & hypothesized that some “transforming principle” from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent.

A

Griffith (He did not identify the substance incolved in this trnsfer of information)

52
Q

Bacteriophages that are exposed to radioactive sulfur have radioactive
protein coats. True or False.

A

True

53
Q

experimentally confirmed that DNA was the hereditary molecule

A

Hershey and Chase

54
Q

a.Produced on the lagging strand

A

Okazaki Fragments

55
Q

Used nitrogen isotopes of varying WEIGHT not radioactive ones

Used E.coli as their model organism

A

Meselson and Stahl

56
Q

•The first replication in the 14N medium produced a band of hybrid (15N-14N) DNA, thus eliminating what model in the Meselson and Stahl experiment.

A

thus eliminating the conservative model

57
Q

A second replication produced both light and hybrid DNA in the Meselson and Stahl experiments eliminated and supported what models of DNA

A

•eliminating the dispersive model and supporting the semiconservative model of DNA replication

58
Q

Each new strand is half original and half new

Both new strands are identical—they are now sister chromatids!!!Supporting what model?

A

Semi-Conservative

59
Q

Free -OH group is on what end of the DNA

A

3’

60
Q

•is a complex molecular machine that carries out replication of DNA—think of it as the “replication organelle”

A

Replisome

61
Q

consists of
TWO replication forks with each fork having its own replisome

A

Replication bubble

62
Q

Replication bubble

A

consists of
TWO replication forks with each fork having its own replisome

63
Q

2 types of DNA strand sythesis

A

continuous and discontinuous

64
Q

•the strand of each replication fork that is replicated in a continuous fashion

A

Leading Strand

65
Q

•the strand of DNA in each replication fork that is replicated in a discontinuous fashion

A

Lagging Strand

66
Q

The leading strand always

A

heads into the fork going towards the parental 5’ end

67
Q

The lagging strand always

A

heads away from fork from the parental 3’ end

68
Q

Unwinds the double helix

A

Helicase

69
Q

Synthesisizes RNA primers

A

Primase

70
Q

Stabilizes single-stranded regions

A

single-strand binding proteins

71
Q

relieves torque

A

DNA Gyrase

72
Q

Synthesizes DNA

A

DNA Polymerase III

73
Q

Erases Primer and fills gaps

A

DNA Polymerase I

74
Q

Joins ends of DNA segments; DNA repair

A

DNA ligase

75
Q

All DNA polymerases require what in order to begin synthesis

A

RNA Primer

76
Q

DNA Polymerases only add new bases to what end of existing strands?

A

3’ end

77
Q

main replication enxyme responsible for the bulk of DNA sunthesis in prokaryotes

A

DNA Polymerase III

78
Q

is an RNA polymerase that synthesizes short stretches of RNA 10-20 base pairs long

A

DNA Primase

79
Q

•removes the RNA primers and fills in the gap by synthesizing DNA

A

DNA Polymerase I

80
Q

If a short sequence of DNA is
5’ AATTGCCGT 3’, its complementary strand would be

A

A.3’ TTAACGGCA 5’.

81
Q

During DNA replication, which enzyme acts as a nuclease enzyme (removes the RNA primer) and then fills in the gap with DNA nucleotides?

A

A.DNA polymerase I

82
Q

How does DNA synthesis along the lagging strand differ from that on the leading strand?\

A.Nucleotides are added to the 5’ end instead of the 3’end.

B.Polymerase I synthesizes the Okazaki fragments.

C.Okazaki fragments, which each grow 5’→ 3’, must be joined along the lagging strand.

D.Both B and C

E.All the above

A

c

83
Q

Explain what is happening #1

A

Helicase unwinds the

parental double helix.

84
Q

Explain what is happening #2

A

Molecules of single-

strand binding protein

stabilize the unwound

template strands.

85
Q

Explain what is happening #3

A

The leading strand is

synthesized continuously in the

5¢® 3¢ direction by DNA pol III.

86
Q

Explain what is happening #4

A

Primase begins synthesis

of RNA primer for a new

Okazaki fragment.

87
Q

Explain what is happening #5

A

DNA pol III is completing synthesis of

the fourth fragment, when it reaches the

RNA primer on the third fragment, it will

dissociate, move to the replication fork,

and add DNA nucleotides to the 3¢ end
of the fifth fragment primer.

88
Q

Explain what is happening #6

A

DNA pol I removes the primer from the 5¢ end

of the second fragment, replacing it with DNA

nucleotides that it adds one by one to the 3¢ end

of the third fragment.

89
Q

Explain what is happening #7

A

DNA ligase bonds

the 3¢ end of the

second fragment to

the 5¢ end of the first

fragment.

Cell Biology Final Exam (6 decks)

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