Chapter 15: Population, Urbanization, and Environment

Question 1

Demography

Answer 1

the study of population

Question 2

Fertility

Answer 2

The incidence of childbearing in a society’s population

Question 3

The crude birth rate

Answer 3

Number of live births in a given year for every thousand people

Question 4

Fecundity

Answer 4

Maximum possible childbearing

Question 5

Refined birth rate

Answer 5

the ratio of total births to the total female population, considered during a period of 1 year

Question 6

Zero population growth

Answer 6

Level of reproduction that maintains population in a steady state; under-population might be a problem

Question 7

Sex ratio

Answer 7

Number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population

Question 8

Urban decentralization

Answer 8

Desertion of downtown areas for outlying suburbs

Question 9

Megalopolis

Answer 9

Vast urban area containing a number of cities and surrounding suburbs

Question 10

Gemeinschaft

Answer 10

Social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition

Question 11

Gesellschaft

Answer 11

Social organization; people together based on individual self-interest

Question 12

Mechanical solidarity

Answer 12

Social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values

Question 13

Organic solidarity

Answer 13

Social bonds based on specialization and interdependence

Question 14

The blase urbanite

Answer 14

Simmel; ”Tuning out” used as a strategy for social survival

Question 15

Ecology

Answer 15

The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment

Question 16

Environmental deficit

Answer 16

Profound and long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material affluence

Question 17

“Logic of growth”

Answer 17

More powerful technology has improved our lives and discoveries will make the future better

Question 18

Limits to growth

Answer 18

Humanity must implement policies to control growth of population, production and use resources to avoid environmental collapse

Question 19

Environmental racism

Answer 19

Pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities

Question 20

“A recycling society”

Answer 20

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Question 21

“A disposable society”

Answer 21

• We consume more products than virtually any other nation
• 136 million tons of our solid waste ends up in landfills
• Recycling becoming more common in U.S