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Midterm 5 > Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Middle age is socially constructed.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Middle ages is mostly full of losses.

A

False; it’s a time of gains and losses (gain weight, lose health, get grey hair, lose cognitive function)

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3
Q

What’s an example of how middle age is biologically constructed?

A

menopause

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4
Q

T/F: Experience of middle age is worse for women.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: Menopause is terrible for all women everywhere.

A

False; it’s revered in eastern societies

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6
Q

What personality type deals with middle age the best?

A

adaptable/optomistic people

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7
Q

T/F: Married people always survive middle age better.

A

False, only if they’re in a happy marriage

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8
Q

Are most middle age people in good mental and physical condition?

A

Yes, physically, cognitively, and emotionally

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9
Q

Experience of middle age varies with what factors?

A

SES, health, gender, culture, personality, employment, etc

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10
Q

When does taking stock and making decisions about remaining years take place?

A

In middle age

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11
Q

What kind of multiple roles occur for those in middle adulthood?

A

job, driving kids everywhere, taking care of parents, etc

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12
Q

Physiological changes in middle adulthood are due to what?

A

aging and heredity (but behavior and lifestyle affect timing and extent)

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13
Q

T/F: those in middle adulthood don’t compensate well for gradual minor declines in sensory and psychomotor abilities.

A

False: most do compensate well

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14
Q

What are presbyopia, myopia, and presbycusis?

A

presbyopia: farsightedness
myopia: nearsightedness
presbycusis: hearing loss

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15
Q

Middle age people have less sensitivity to what three things?

A

touch, taste, and smell

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16
Q

What happens to their basal metabolism?

A

It slows

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17
Q

A decreased vital capacity means what?

A

how much you can take in in a breath decreases

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18
Q

What happens to the physical appearance of someone in middle age? (5 things)

A

sagging skin, thinning hair, gray hair, loss of height, and weight gain

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19
Q

When does menopause begin?

A

51ish (49-54)

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20
Q

A woman’s attitude on menopause depends on what?

A

signs and symptoms, personal characteristics, past experiences, and culture (in some cultures it’s revered)

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21
Q

What happens to middle aged men’s sexuality?

A

decline in fertility and frequency of orgasm

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22
Q

What happens to sexual activity in middle age?

A

for both genders, it decreases slightly and gradually (however quality may improve)

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23
Q

What are 4 menopause signs and symptoms?

A
  1. hot flashes/ night sweats
  2. vaginal dryness
  3. sleep disturbances (night sweats)
  4. mood disturbances
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24
Q

Between genders, who experiences an increase in sexual dysfunction?

A
  • for women, sexual dysfunction decreases with age

- for men, it increases with age

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25
What may male sexual dysfunction be related to?
health, lifestyle, and emotional well-being
26
If you're more hypertensive, what does that potentially lead to?
more hypertensive = more likely to have sexual dysfunction issues
27
Why is anxiety about aging even more in these days?
our society places a premium on youth, making anxiety about aging even worse
28
T/F: Most middle aged people are healthy with no functional limitations.
true
29
T/F: If you're married, you're more likely to get preventative care.
true
30
At what age does hypertension begin to occur?
middle age
31
What kind of arthritis is most prevalent for middle age people?
osteoarthritis
32
What four factors affect present and future health?
diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol use
33
What are the leading causes of death for those in middle age?
cancer, heart disease, hepatic disease, stroke (CVA), diabetes
34
How much is the suicide rate increased for baby boomers? What are the top three ways this is carried out
increased by 30% 1. firearms 2. hanging 3. poisoning (overdose)
35
Lower income is correlated with what?
poorer health (no/less comprehensive insurance)
36
There are elevated health risks in what population? Why is this?
elevated risks in african-americans | -due to heredity (HTN and obesity), poverty, stress
37
High cortisol levels lead to what?
chronic inflammation, which causes disease
38
Who lives longer, women or men? why? (4)
women, because: - they have increased genetic protection from the second X chromosome - less risk-taking behaviors - they're more likely to seek medical attention - cardiovascular disease comes later for women
39
What are the most common stressors? (4)
work, money, housing, family relationships (responsible for kids and parents)
40
T/F: Accumulation of everyday stressors can be as or more harmful than major life changes.
True (stressors like traffic, other people, etc)
41
The likelihood of serious illness from these everyday stressors becomes real within what time frame?
within two years, due to chronic inflammation
42
T/F: daily hassles increase with age.
false, middle age people just don't care
43
Who's more likely to report extreme stress, men or women?
women, because they report everything
44
Which gender is nurture, and which is fight or flight?
nuture = women | fight or flight = men
45
T/F: Acute stress is good for you.
true, think public speaking
46
What does intense, prolonged stress cause?
chronic inflammation (due to increased cortisol levels), and an effect on immune function
47
What helps a person be resilient?
having supportive relationships and the ability to adapt to challenges
48
Are people still working in middle age?
yes
49
Why do middle age people sometimes tend to have an increased workload?
because they think someone with do their job if they don't (someone younger, better, etc)
50
What are high pressure/low control situations?
demands are made on them and they can't do anything about it
51
T/F: Middle age people are good at unwinding.
false, they resort to drinking
52
What are some things that cause occupational stress in middle age people?
work overload, interpersonal conflict, sexual harassment, high pressure/low control situations
53
What does the Seattle Longitudinal Study by Schaie say about cognitive ability?
- most mental abilities peak during middle age | - fluid intelligence declines sooner than crystallized intelligence
54
What is fluid intelligence?
fluid: intelligence applied to novel problems; independent of education and cultural influences - doesn't matter how much knowledge you have, it's inductive and deductive reasoning
55
What is crystallized intelligence?
crystallized: ability to use learned information; dependent on education and culture - what you know because of knowledge and experience (stable until late adulthood)
56
What happens to expertise in middle age?
Increases (it's a form of crystallized intelligence) | -get better at your career or hobby
57
There is encapsulation of what kind of abilities within a person's chosen field?
fluid abilities; experiences makes this better, so using reason and experience to increase job performance
58
When does fluid intelligence peak?
20s-30s
59
What kind of thought is especially useful in situations that call for integrative thinking?
Postformal, logical thought - integrate logic and emotion - filter new info through life experience
60
T/F: Ability to solve practical problems is strong at midlife.
True, because I've had many practical problems
61
T/F: Creativity is strongly related to intelligence.
False
62
What does creative performance depend on?
personal attributes, environmental forces, and cognitive abilities
63
What does Sternberg say about creativity and intelligence?
insightful, analytic, and practical aspects of intelligence play a role in creative performance
64
Being funny is correlated to what?
Intelligence
65
What is divergent thinking? What happens to it in middle age?
divergent thinking = different way of thinking, brainstorming -decreases in middle age
66
Losses in productivity for middle age people may be offset by what?
Gains in quality | - quantity decreases, quality increases
67
What are some qualities of a convergent thinker?
logical, objective, intellectual, realistic, planned, quantitative, discriminative
68
What are some qualities of a divergent thinker?
intuitive, subjective, emotional, imaginative, impulsive, holistic, qualitative
69
The age of retirement has increased to what?
62
70
What is phased retirement?
Less hours on the job as you get older
71
What is bridged employment? How many adults do this?
working at a McDonalds or Kroger after finishing other job; it's a new line of work -about 50% of 55-65 year olds do this
72
How long does retirement last?
18 years usually
73
There's been an increase in social security retirement age for full benefits to what?
67
74
What helps improve cognitive flexibility?
complex work
75
More stimulating opportunities leads to what?
a more mentally sharp individual (not just sitting in a chair)
76
T/F: declines in cognitive abilities occur early in middle adulthood.
false, don't occur until very late in life usually
77
Why do adults go to school? (2)
to improve work-related skills, or to prepare for a career change

Midterm 5 (3 decks)

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