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Midterm 5 > Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Middle age is socially constructed.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Middle ages is mostly full of losses.

A

False; it’s a time of gains and losses (gain weight, lose health, get grey hair, lose cognitive function)

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3
Q

What’s an example of how middle age is biologically constructed?

A

menopause

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4
Q

T/F: Experience of middle age is worse for women.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: Menopause is terrible for all women everywhere.

A

False; it’s revered in eastern societies

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6
Q

What personality type deals with middle age the best?

A

adaptable/optomistic people

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7
Q

T/F: Married people always survive middle age better.

A

False, only if they’re in a happy marriage

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8
Q

Are most middle age people in good mental and physical condition?

A

Yes, physically, cognitively, and emotionally

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9
Q

Experience of middle age varies with what factors?

A

SES, health, gender, culture, personality, employment, etc

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10
Q

When does taking stock and making decisions about remaining years take place?

A

In middle age

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11
Q

What kind of multiple roles occur for those in middle adulthood?

A

job, driving kids everywhere, taking care of parents, etc

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12
Q

Physiological changes in middle adulthood are due to what?

A

aging and heredity (but behavior and lifestyle affect timing and extent)

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13
Q

T/F: those in middle adulthood don’t compensate well for gradual minor declines in sensory and psychomotor abilities.

A

False: most do compensate well

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14
Q

What are presbyopia, myopia, and presbycusis?

A

presbyopia: farsightedness
myopia: nearsightedness
presbycusis: hearing loss

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15
Q

Middle age people have less sensitivity to what three things?

A

touch, taste, and smell

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16
Q

What happens to their basal metabolism?

A

It slows

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17
Q

A decreased vital capacity means what?

A

how much you can take in in a breath decreases

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18
Q

What happens to the physical appearance of someone in middle age? (5 things)

A

sagging skin, thinning hair, gray hair, loss of height, and weight gain

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19
Q

When does menopause begin?

A

51ish (49-54)

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20
Q

A woman’s attitude on menopause depends on what?

A

signs and symptoms, personal characteristics, past experiences, and culture (in some cultures it’s revered)

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21
Q

What happens to middle aged men’s sexuality?

A

decline in fertility and frequency of orgasm

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22
Q

What happens to sexual activity in middle age?

A

for both genders, it decreases slightly and gradually (however quality may improve)

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23
Q

What are 4 menopause signs and symptoms?

A
  1. hot flashes/ night sweats
  2. vaginal dryness
  3. sleep disturbances (night sweats)
  4. mood disturbances
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24
Q

Between genders, who experiences an increase in sexual dysfunction?

A
  • for women, sexual dysfunction decreases with age

- for men, it increases with age

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25
Q

What may male sexual dysfunction be related to?

A

health, lifestyle, and emotional well-being

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26
Q

If you’re more hypertensive, what does that potentially lead to?

A

more hypertensive = more likely to have sexual dysfunction issues

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27
Q

Why is anxiety about aging even more in these days?

A

our society places a premium on youth, making anxiety about aging even worse

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28
Q

T/F: Most middle aged people are healthy with no functional limitations.

A

true

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29
Q

T/F: If you’re married, you’re more likely to get preventative care.

A

true

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30
Q

At what age does hypertension begin to occur?

A

middle age

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31
Q

What kind of arthritis is most prevalent for middle age people?

A

osteoarthritis

32
Q

What four factors affect present and future health?

A

diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol use

33
Q

What are the leading causes of death for those in middle age?

A

cancer, heart disease, hepatic disease, stroke (CVA), diabetes

34
Q

How much is the suicide rate increased for baby boomers? What are the top three ways this is carried out

A

increased by 30%

  1. firearms
  2. hanging
  3. poisoning (overdose)
35
Q

Lower income is correlated with what?

A

poorer health (no/less comprehensive insurance)

36
Q

There are elevated health risks in what population? Why is this?

A

elevated risks in african-americans

-due to heredity (HTN and obesity), poverty, stress

37
Q

High cortisol levels lead to what?

A

chronic inflammation, which causes disease

38
Q

Who lives longer, women or men? why? (4)

A

women, because:

  • they have increased genetic protection from the second X chromosome
  • less risk-taking behaviors
  • they’re more likely to seek medical attention
  • cardiovascular disease comes later for women
39
Q

What are the most common stressors? (4)

A

work, money, housing, family relationships (responsible for kids and parents)

40
Q

T/F: Accumulation of everyday stressors can be as or more harmful than major life changes.

A

True (stressors like traffic, other people, etc)

41
Q

The likelihood of serious illness from these everyday stressors becomes real within what time frame?

A

within two years, due to chronic inflammation

42
Q

T/F: daily hassles increase with age.

A

false, middle age people just don’t care

43
Q

Who’s more likely to report extreme stress, men or women?

A

women, because they report everything

44
Q

Which gender is nurture, and which is fight or flight?

A

nuture = women

fight or flight = men

45
Q

T/F: Acute stress is good for you.

A

true, think public speaking

46
Q

What does intense, prolonged stress cause?

A

chronic inflammation (due to increased cortisol levels), and an effect on immune function

47
Q

What helps a person be resilient?

A

having supportive relationships and the ability to adapt to challenges

48
Q

Are people still working in middle age?

A

yes

49
Q

Why do middle age people sometimes tend to have an increased workload?

A

because they think someone with do their job if they don’t (someone younger, better, etc)

50
Q

What are high pressure/low control situations?

A

demands are made on them and they can’t do anything about it

51
Q

T/F: Middle age people are good at unwinding.

A

false, they resort to drinking

52
Q

What are some things that cause occupational stress in middle age people?

A

work overload, interpersonal conflict, sexual harassment, high pressure/low control situations

53
Q

What does the Seattle Longitudinal Study by Schaie say about cognitive ability?

A
  • most mental abilities peak during middle age

- fluid intelligence declines sooner than crystallized intelligence

54
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

fluid: intelligence applied to novel problems; independent of education and cultural influences
- doesn’t matter how much knowledge you have, it’s inductive and deductive reasoning

55
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

crystallized: ability to use learned information; dependent on education and culture
- what you know because of knowledge and experience (stable until late adulthood)

56
Q

What happens to expertise in middle age?

A

Increases (it’s a form of crystallized intelligence)

-get better at your career or hobby

57
Q

There is encapsulation of what kind of abilities within a person’s chosen field?

A

fluid abilities; experiences makes this better, so using reason and experience to increase job performance

58
Q

When does fluid intelligence peak?

A

20s-30s

59
Q

What kind of thought is especially useful in situations that call for integrative thinking?

A

Postformal, logical thought

  • integrate logic and emotion
  • filter new info through life experience
60
Q

T/F: Ability to solve practical problems is strong at midlife.

A

True, because I’ve had many practical problems

61
Q

T/F: Creativity is strongly related to intelligence.

A

False

62
Q

What does creative performance depend on?

A

personal attributes, environmental forces, and cognitive abilities

63
Q

What does Sternberg say about creativity and intelligence?

A

insightful, analytic, and practical aspects of intelligence play a role in creative performance

64
Q

Being funny is correlated to what?

A

Intelligence

65
Q

What is divergent thinking? What happens to it in middle age?

A

divergent thinking = different way of thinking, brainstorming
-decreases in middle age

66
Q

Losses in productivity for middle age people may be offset by what?

A

Gains in quality

- quantity decreases, quality increases

67
Q

What are some qualities of a convergent thinker?

A

logical, objective, intellectual, realistic, planned, quantitative, discriminative

68
Q

What are some qualities of a divergent thinker?

A

intuitive, subjective, emotional, imaginative, impulsive, holistic, qualitative

69
Q

The age of retirement has increased to what?

A

62

70
Q

What is phased retirement?

A

Less hours on the job as you get older

71
Q

What is bridged employment? How many adults do this?

A

working at a McDonalds or Kroger after finishing other job; it’s a new line of work
-about 50% of 55-65 year olds do this

72
Q

How long does retirement last?

A

18 years usually

73
Q

There’s been an increase in social security retirement age for full benefits to what?

A

67

74
Q

What helps improve cognitive flexibility?

A

complex work

75
Q

More stimulating opportunities leads to what?

A

a more mentally sharp individual (not just sitting in a chair)

76
Q

T/F: declines in cognitive abilities occur early in middle adulthood.

A

false, don’t occur until very late in life usually

77
Q

Why do adults go to school? (2)

A

to improve work-related skills, or to prepare for a career change

Midterm 5 (3 decks)

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