Chapter 15: Parasitism and Mutualism Flashcards
Situation in which two dissimilar organisms live together in close association
symbiosis
Diseased condition arising when pathogenic microorganisms enter a body, become established, and multiply
infection
Any deviation from a normal state of health
disease
Any of the viruses, bacteria, and protozoans, characterized by small size, short generation time, and rapid multiplication
microparasite
Any of the parasitic worms, lice, fungi, and the like that have comparatively long generation times, spread by direct or indirect transmission, and may involve intermediate hosts or vectors
macroparasite
A parasitic plant that contains chlorophyll and is therefore capable of photosynthesis
hemiparasite
A parasitic plant that contains no chlorophyll and is therefore not capable of photosynthesis, as a result it cannot exist without a host plant
holoparasite
Parasite, such as a flea, that lives in the fur, feathers, or skin of the host
ectoparasite
Parasite that lives within the body of the host
endoparasite
A form of feeding in which one animal appropriates food gathered by another (the host);
Parasitism by theft
kleptoparasitism
Occurs when a parasite is transferred from one host to another without the involvement of an intermediate organism;
Can occur by direct contact with a carrier, or the parasite can be dispersed from one host to another through the air, water, or other substrate
direct transmission
An intermediate organism that parasites depend on to be transmitted from one host to another (indirect transmission)
intermediate vector
Host that harbors a developmental phase of a parasite;
The infective stage or stages can develop only when the parasite is independent of its definitive host
intermediate host
A growth response to an alien substance in plant tissues
gall
Host in which a parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity
definitive host
A range of adaptations that minimize the impact of parasites;
Hosts respond to parasitic infections through behavioral changes, inflammatory responses at the site of infection, and subsequent activation of their immune systems;
Includes grooming, behavior, inflammation, cyst, scab, gall
host responses
Relationship between species that is beneficial to one, but neutral or of no benefit to the other
commensalism
Relationship between two species in which both benefit
mutualism
Plants that possess ant-attracting substances on their seed coats
myrmecochores
Shiny, oil-containing, ant-attracting tissue on the seed coats of many plants
elaiosome
A mutualist that cannot survive or reproduce without the mutualistic interaction
obligate mutualist
A mutualist that can survive or reproduce without the mutualistic interaction
facultative mutualist
Single-celled, symbiotic algae in the tissues of corals
zooxanthellae
Describe the relationship that occurs within the reef-forming corals of the tropical waters
This is a type of symbiotic mutualism:
The symbiotic algae, zooxanthellae, provides 90% of the coral’s daily energy requirement from carbon produced through photosynthesis;
Without the algae, the corals would not be able to survive and flourish in their nutrient-poor environment;
In turn, the coral provides the algae with shelter and mineral nutrients, particularly nitrogen in the form of nitrogenous wastes
Structures formed by plant root hair cells that have become swollen and infected due to the invasion and growth of rhizobia
root nodules
Describe the relationship that occurs between plants and bacteria of the genus Rhizobium
This is a type of symbiotic mutualism:
Legumes (plant species such as clover, beans, and peas) attract rhizobia (nitrogen-fixing bacteria that cannot fix gaseous nitrogen while in a free-living state) by releasing exudates and enzymes from the roots;
After rhizobia invades the root hairs, root nodules are formed, and the rhizobia reduces gaseous nitrogen to ammonia;
The bacteria receive carbon and other resources from the host plant;
In turn, the bacteria contributes fixed nitrogen to the plant, allowing it to function and grow independently of the availability of mineral (inorganic) nitrogen in the soil
An example is the relationship between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi:
The fungi assist the plant with the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil;
In turn, the plant provides the fungi with carbon, a source of energy
nutrient transfer mutualism
Type of fungi that grows within tree roots, and fungal hyphae enter the cells
Associated with the root systems of the vast majority of terrestrial plant species and are especially important in nutrient-poor soils;
They aid in the decomposition of dead organic matter and the uptake of water and nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from the soil into the root tissue
endomycorrhizae
Mutualistic association associated with defense of the host organism;
Example between plant and fungi:
The fungi defend the host plant against grazing, whereas the plant provides food to the fungi in the form of photosynthates (products of photosynthesis)
defensive mutualism
pollination
Because wind dispersal can be unreliable, pollen transfer typically depends on insects, birds, and bats;
Plants entice certain animals by color, fragrances, and odors, dusting them with pollen and then rewarding them with a rich source of food: sugar-rich nectar, protein-rich pollen, and fat-rich oils;
The nectivores inadvertently pick up pollen and carry it to the next plant they visit
seed dispersal
check the book
land use and malaria and Lyme disease
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