1. cell body 2. neurolemma (stimulates growth) 3. closed ends Happens in PNS, not in CNS

chapter 15: nervous system Flashcards by erika lofton

Peripheral Nervous System

31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
provides sensory info to the CNS and carries motor commands from the CNS to peripheral tissues and systems
subdivided into the afferent and efferent divisions

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Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord
responsible for integrating, processing and coordinating sensory input and motor output
seat of higher functions such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion

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Afferent Division

brings sensory info to the CNS

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Efferent Division

carries motor commands to muscles and glands

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Somatic nervous system

sensory from head, body, and limbs to CNS

motor from CNS to skeletal muscle

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autonomic nervous system

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity
motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
sensory from visceral organs (monitor internal organs including those of cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, repro)
parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

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neurons

impulse conduction, responsible for the transfer and processing of info in the nervous system, has a cell body - dendrites - axon - synaptic terminals

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neuroglia (glial) cells

support and protection
isolate the neurons
provide a supporting framework for the neural tissue
help maintain the intercellular environment
act as phagocytes

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general characteristics of neuroglial cells

smaller than neurons
more numerous than neurons (5x)
most found in brain and spinal cord
source of tumors (GLIOMAS)

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astrocytes

maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ion - nutrient - and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury

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microglia

remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

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ependyma

line ventricles and central canal, assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring CSF
PRODUCE CSF

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oligodenrocytes

myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework

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Schwann Cells (PNS)

myelination of peripheral axons, participates in repair process after injury, PRODUCE myelin sheath

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Satellite Cells (PNS)

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulate O2 - CO2 - nutrients - and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

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myelinated fibers (white)
PNS

schwann cell membranes

neurilemma (sheath of Schwann)

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unmyelinated neurons

no insulation
gray
nodes of ranvier - unmyelinated gaps between schwann cells
the PNS have neurilemma

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myelinated

-CNS

myelin produced by oligondendrocytes

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unmyelinated - CNS

no myelin sheath

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axon regeneration

cell body
neurolemma (stimulates growth)
closed ends
Happens in PNS, not in CNS

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somatic sensory

coming back from the limbs

visceral sensory

coming from the guts (heart pain, stomach upset)

visceral motor

innervate all peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles

somatic motor

going to the muscle/skin

epineurium

tough fibrous sheath that forms the outermost layer of a peripheral nerve consists of dense irregular CT primarily composed of collagen fibers and fibrocytes

perineurium

composed of collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and fibrocytes divided the nerve into a series of compartments that contains bundles of axons fasciculus - a single bundle of axons

endoneurium

consists of loose, irregularly arranged CT composed of delicate tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers

cervical plexus - location

lies deep to sternocleidomastoid muscle and anterior to the middle scalene and levator scapulae muscles

cervical plexus - major nerve

phrenic nerve to diaphragm (motor function)

brachial plexus - location

armpit region

brachial plexus - axillary nerve

C5 and C6 motor function - deltoid and teres minor sensory function - skin of shoulder if damaged - affects abduction

brachial plexus - radial nerve

C5 and T1 | extensor muscles of the arm and forearm

brachial plexus - median nerve

C5 and T1 | flexors of forearm

brachial plexus - ulnar nerve

C8 and T1 | flexors of forearm

brachial plexus - musculotaneous nerve

flexors of arm

brachial plexus - _________ rami

ventral

lumbar plexus - location

lumbar segment of the spinal cord

lumbar plexus - ilohypogastric nerve

T12 - L1 | abdominal muscles

lumbar plexus - illioinguinal nerve

L1 | abdominal muscles

lumbar plexus - obturator nerve

L2-L4 | adductors of hip

lumbar plexus - femoral nerve

L2-L4 | anterior muscles of thigh

sacral plexus - location

L4-S4 | anterior/posterior branches of sacral foramen

sacral plexus - sciatic nerve

L4-S3 hamstrings adductor magnus

sacral plexus - tibial nerve

hamstring | plantar flexors of ankle

sacral plexus - common fibular

extensors of toes, fibularis brevis and longus

sacral plexus - gluteal nerves

L4-S2 | abductors and extenders of the hip

sacral plexus - pudendal nerve

S2-S4 | external anal and urethral sphincters

dorsal ramus

provides sensory innervation FROM and motor innervation TO a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the neck and back

ventral ramus

relatively large | supplies the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall and the limbs

dermatomes

a way to locate where damage to spinal cord is