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AP 2 > Chapter 15 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

The circulatory system is an internal transport system of ___ from cells

A

Waste products such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, urea and ammonia

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2
Q

The circulatory system allows for two way exchange between the body and the environment, what are the two?

A

Lungs and gastrointestinal tract

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3
Q

Circulatory system gets its oxygen and drops off it carbon dioxide as waste through the ___

A

Lungs

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4
Q

The circulatory system uses the GI tract to reabsorb nutrients from the ___ of our intestine.

A

Lumen

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5
Q

Circulatory system consists of what two parts?

A

Heart and vessels

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6
Q

The over all function of the circulatory system is to help maintain what?

A

Homeostasis

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7
Q

The circulatory system helps maintain internal homeostasis by maintaining what four things?

A

Temperature
pH
Glucose levels
Calcium

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8
Q

Location of the heart

A

Mediastinum

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9
Q

The four chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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10
Q

Coverings of the heart: the outermost layer that protects the heart, anchors the heart and prevents overfilling.

A

Fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

What type of pericardium divides the two the two heart layers

A

Serous pericardium

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12
Q

Layer of the heart that lines the surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

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13
Q

Layer of the heart that lines the epicardium or surface of the heart

A

Visceral pericardium

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14
Q

Contains serous fluid

A

Pericardial cavity

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15
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

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16
Q

Decrease of serous fluid
Heart rubs against pericardial sac
Pericardial friction = muffled sound
Too much fluid

These are causes of what

A

Pericarditis

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17
Q
  • Pressure on the heart muscle which occurs when the pericardial space fills up with fluid faster than the pericardial sac can stretch
  • fluid seeps into cavity and heart is compressed
  • removal by needle into cavity
  • too much fluid
A

Pericardial tamponade

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18
Q

Layers of heart wall:

  • visceral pericardium
  • connective tissue covered by epithelium with blood vessels lymphatics and nerves
  • outer layer
A

Epicardium

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19
Q

Layers of heart wall:

  • middle layer
  • thick layer of cardiac MUSCLE
  • thickest in left ventricle
  • receives a rich supply of vasculature, nerves and lymphatics
A

Myocardium

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20
Q

Layers of heart wall:

  • inner layer
  • smooth inner lining of epithelium and connective tissue with elastin and collagen inside the heart that lines the chambers and covers the valves
A

Endocardium

this is also in the linings of blood vessels connected to the heart

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21
Q
  • Works together to separate the atrial syncytium from the ventricle syncytium.
  • rings around valves provide attachments for the valves, muscles fibers, prevent excessive dilation ventricular contractions
A

Fibrous skeleton

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22
Q

Pulmonary circuit: receives deoxygenated blood from the body and heart wall and sends to the lungs

A

Right atrium and ventricle

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23
Q

Systemic circuit: sends oxygenated blood to body and heart wall

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

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24
Q

Brings in all blood from the diaphragm up (head neck arms)

A

Superior vena cava

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25
Q

Returns all blood from the diaphragm and down

A

Inferior vena cava

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26
Q

Drains blood from the cardiac veins that supple the heart wall itself

A

Coronary sinus

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27
Q

Heart valves: right Atrioventricular valve (AV valve)

A

Tricuspid valve

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28
Q

Left atrioventricular valve (AV valve)

A

Bicuspid valve

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29
Q

Anchor tricuspid and bicuspid

A

Chordeae tendineae

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30
Q

Attach chordeae tendineae to heart muscles called

A

Papillary muscle

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31
Q

When blood leaks back into the atrium it’s called

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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32
Q

Step one of heart circulation

A

Right atrium

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33
Q

Step two of heart circulation

A

Tricuspid valve (Lubb sound when valve closes)

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34
Q

Third part of circulatory

A

Right ventricle

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35
Q

Fourth part of circulatory

A

Pulmonary valve

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36
Q

Fifth part of circulatory

A

Pulmonary artery

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37
Q

Sixth part of circulatory

A

Lungs

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38
Q

Seventh part of circulatory

A

Pulmonary veins

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39
Q

Eighth part of circulatory

A

Left atrium

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40
Q

Tenth part of circulatory

A

Left ventricle

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41
Q

Twelfth part of circulatory

A

Ascending aorta

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42
Q

What are the three large arteries from the aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Carotid artery
Subclavian artery

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43
Q

Circulation of blood to and from the body

A

Systemic circulation

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44
Q

Which ventricle uses systemic circulation

A

Left ventricle

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45
Q

Circulations of blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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46
Q

Which ventricle pumps blood to the longs for gas exchange via pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle

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47
Q

Circulation of blood to and from the heart muscle (myocardium)

A

Coronary circulation

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48
Q

Coronary circulation to the myocardium

A

Base of aorta -> coronary arteries -> myocardium

49
Q

Coronary circulation from the myocardium

A

Myocardium -> coronary veins -> coronary sinus -> right atrium

50
Q

Two __ arteries branch off the aorta continue to become small capillaries to supply blood to the myocardial tissue

51
Q

___ blood that goes to the coronary sinus and empties into the right atrium

A

Deoxygenated

52
Q
  • Lack of sufficient blood flow
  • Thrombus
  • Doesn’t allow oxygen or nutrients to get to myocardial cells
  • Blood clots
53
Q

-pain due to ischemia

54
Q

Death of heart tissue due to ischemia

A

Infarction

55
Q

Volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Cardiac output

56
Q

One complete heart beat is a

A

Cardiac cycle

57
Q

Contraction phase

58
Q

Relaxation phase

59
Q

Cardiac muscle general characteristics

A
  • slightly striated
  • single nucleus
  • branched
  • intercalated discs
  • involuntary
60
Q
  • Specialized heart fibers that depolarize (contract) faster than the the other heart fibers.
  • pacemaker
  • located in the upper right atrial wall
  • near entrance of superior vena cava
61
Q

Heart rate can by increased by

A
  • increase in sympathetic nervous system signals

- increase in blood epinephrine

62
Q

Heart rate can decrease by

A

Increase in parasympathetic nervous system nerve signal (vagus nerve)

63
Q

Spread depolarization(contraction) atria and contracts simultaneously and also carry impulses to the AV node.

A

Junctional fibers

64
Q
  • a group of specialized heart fibers that recover the SA node signal
  • located in the right atria ( lower part of interatrial septum)
  • delays signals to atrium can contract
  • relays signals to the ventricle via AV bundle
65
Q
  • specialized cardiac muscle fibers that carries the message from the AV node down into the interventricular septum and divides left and right branches that then give rise to the purkinje fibers
66
Q

Conduction system of the heart in order

A

SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers

67
Q
  • excess calcium
  • increases heart action
  • prolonged contraction
A

Hypercalcemia

68
Q
  • low calcium

- depresses heart action

A

Hypocalcemia

69
Q
  • excess potassium

- decrease the rate and force of contraction

A

Hyperkalemia

70
Q
  • Low potassium
  • may block heart impulses
  • heart could stop
A

Hypokalemia

71
Q

Vagus nerve decreases heart contractions

A

Parasympathetic fibers

72
Q

Autonomic nerve impulses regulated by

A

Medulla oblongata

73
Q

The circulatory system is an internal transport system of ___ to cells

A

Oxygen, water, minerals and glucose

74
Q

What receptor reflex detects rising blood pressure and sends impulses to the cardio inhibitor center in the medulla oblongata

A

Baroreceptor reflex

75
Q

ECG is a representation of the ___ ___ of the heart

A

Electrical activity

76
Q

Which wave is atrial depolarization

77
Q

QRS Complex is the

A

Ventricular depolarization

78
Q

Which wave is Ventricular repolarization

79
Q

A point other than the SA node initiating a stronger impulse

A

Ectopic focus

80
Q

SA node and another site are acting together as pacemakers triggering two contractions

A

Extrasystole

81
Q

Heartbeat is abnormally slow

A

Bradycardia

82
Q

Heartbeat is abnormally fast

A

Tachycardia

83
Q

Rapid irregular contraction of the heart

A

Fibrillation

84
Q

What causes fibrillation

A

Blocked coronary artery

85
Q

A jolt of electricity that fixes fibrillation

A

Defibrillation

86
Q

Atria and ventricles beating at different rates

87
Q

Blood vessels that lead blood away from the heart

88
Q

Blood vessels that lead blood to the heart

89
Q

Inner layer of endothelium that has a smooth surface to prevent damage to platelets and red blood cells

A

Tunica intima

90
Q

Middle layer of vessel made of mostly smooth muscle with elastic tissue regulated by sympathetic fibers

A

Tunica media

91
Q

Outer layer of vessel made of connective tissue that attaches vessels to nearby organs

A

Tunica externa

92
Q

Blood leaves the heart ventricles

-> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> to the atria of the heart

A

Order of blood flow through the vessels

93
Q

Arteries have the ___ walls and ___ blood pressure

A

Thickest; highest

94
Q

Alternate expanding and recoil of arterial wall in response to blood pressure change

95
Q

Rate of left ventricle contraction

A

Radial pulse rate

96
Q

Strong pulse means

A

High blood pressure

97
Q

Weak pulse means

A

Low blood pressure

98
Q

Connection to arterioles and venules

A

Capillaries

99
Q

Capillaries have one layer called the

A

Tunica interna

100
Q

Only vessels that contain pores that allows change of gas and nutrient between blood and tissues

A

Capillaries

101
Q

Have smallest diameter but greatest total cross sectional area having it be the lowest velocity of blood flow

A

Capillaries

102
Q

Where exchange takes place in capillaries

A

Capillary bed

103
Q

No exchange between arterioles and venules

A

Capillary shunt

104
Q

Thin slits between adjacent endothelial cells that cause more metabolically arctics tissue and more capillaries

A

Capillary permeability

105
Q

Regulate blood flow and open when cells need oxygen and nutrients

A

Prevail lady sphincters

106
Q

Caused by hydrostatic pressure and pushes fluid out of capillary bed into the internal space

A

Filtration

107
Q

Caused by osmotic pressure and pulls fluid back into the capillary bed Dom the interstitial space

A

Reabsorption

108
Q

Plaque build up due to cholesterol and other substances

A

Atherosclerosis

109
Q

Walls get damaged and lose elasticity

A

Arteriosclerosis

110
Q

Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall

111
Q

Inflammation of veins

112
Q

Clotting results

A

Thrombophlebitis

113
Q

Veins stretch and distend due to back pressure due to gravity; valves lose ability to prevent back flow

A

Varicose veins

114
Q

Measurement of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output

115
Q

Measuring the cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

116
Q

The number of beats per minute

A

Heart rate

117
Q

The amount of blood leaving the left ventricle per contraction

A

Stroke volume

118
Q

Thickness of liquid

119
Q

Mechanical control of blood pressure

A

Cardiac output

AP 2 (2 decks)

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