chapter 15 - becoming part of the community Flashcards
bullying
repeated and sustained verbal or physical threats or attacks against a victim who is unable to defend himself or herself. Also known as peer victimization
catharsis hypothesis
the hypothesis that experiencing aggression in a pretend setting releases aggressive impulses so that much impulses are less likely to be released later. This hypothesis was popularized by Freud and then extended by those trying to minimize the impact of television, this hypothesis is, with only rare exceptions, false
clique
a small group of peers who voluntarily spend a great deal of time together and seem to actively exclude others
controversial child
when sociometric status is measured, a child classified as high on both the like and the dislike scales. Controversial children are noticed by everyone and are seen as sociable and as leaders, but they are also more likely to be seen as aggressive and arrogant
culture of honor
a cultural style, seen in the American South, in which there is an endorsement or relatively higher levels of violence in response to threats to oneself, one’s property, or one’s background
cyberbullying
a form of aggression over the internet, usually in which a group victimizes an individual
desensitization
a process in which experiencing continuous high levels of violence comes to be accepted as normal and may lead to increased tolerance of aggressive behaviors as well as increased willingness to engage in aggressive acts
developmental intergroup theory
a theory that children as young as 4 years of age start to notice perceptually salient group differences and to attach these to stereotypes
friendship
an ongoing, positive reciprocal relationship with a chosen companion
hostile attribution bias
a tendency to interpret ambiguous situations as hostile
imaginary companion
a fantasized character that a child makes up or an object that the child treats as an animate creature
inimical relationship
a relationship characterized by conflict, dislike, and aggression in which each person considers the other to be an enemy
latency period
a time in middle to late childhood, posited by Freud, when children tend to practice strict segregation of the sexes in terms of preferred playmates and friends
mutual antipathy
a pattern found in both bully-victim relationships and inimical relationships in which two children intensely dislike each other
neglected child
a child who does not appear to be high on either the like or the dislike scale of an assessment of sociometric status. neglected children are often shy and withdrawn, and they are largely ignored by their peers
peer nomination
a process of measuring sociometric status or popularity by asking peers to name other children who they like the most and the least or want to be friends with the most and least. Peer nominations are often asymmetrical
popular child
when sociometric status is measured, a child who is nominated as being liked by most children and disliked by few children, often as a result of both appealing physical attributes and social skills. Sociometric popularity contrasts with perceived popularity, which may be more related to perceived dominance and power than to kindness and trustworthiness
proactive aggression
aggression that is engaged in against another person without provocation and usually as a way of achieving a goal, such as obtaining material goods or causing intimidation or suffering in a victim
reactive aggression
aggression that is engaged in as retaliation for aggression against oneself
rejected child
a child who is nominated as being disliked by most children and liked by few children on an assessment of sociometric status. Rejected children ofter interpret ambiguous situations in a hostile way
relational aggression
aggression that is intended to damage a social relationship between a victim and other individuals. Gossip, rumor, and ridicule are often the weapons used to damage another person’s reputation and that person’s relationship with others
romantic relationship
a mutually recognized voluntary interaction that is seen as more intense than other relationships and that is also distinguished by displays of affection, either with actual sexual behavior or the anticipation of such behavior occurring
social comparison
the act of comparing ourselves to another as a way of calibrating our standing in a group or relative to another group. Such comparisons emerge strongly in the elementary school years
social information processing
an approach to encoding, interpreting, and responding to social cues that is often used to explain peer group acceptance or rejection
sociometric status
a person’s social standing in a group, often computed from a combination of ratings of how much the person is liked and disliked by peers in that group
video deficit
the relative inability of younger children to learn as effectively from viewing videos as from watching live demonstrations
