chapter 15 - becoming part of the community

Question 1

bullying

Answer 1

repeated and sustained verbal or physical threats or attacks against a victim who is unable to defend himself or herself. Also known as peer victimization

Question 2

catharsis hypothesis

Answer 2

the hypothesis that experiencing aggression in a pretend setting releases aggressive impulses so that much impulses are less likely to be released later. This hypothesis was popularized by Freud and then extended by those trying to minimize the impact of television, this hypothesis is, with only rare exceptions, false

Question 3

clique

Answer 3

a small group of peers who voluntarily spend a great deal of time together and seem to actively exclude others

Question 4

controversial child

Answer 4

when sociometric status is measured, a child classified as high on both the like and the dislike scales. Controversial children are noticed by everyone and are seen as sociable and as leaders, but they are also more likely to be seen as aggressive and arrogant

Question 5

culture of honor

Answer 5

a cultural style, seen in the American South, in which there is an endorsement or relatively higher levels of violence in response to threats to oneself, one’s property, or one’s background

Question 6

cyberbullying

Answer 6

a form of aggression over the internet, usually in which a group victimizes an individual

Question 7

desensitization

Answer 7

a process in which experiencing continuous high levels of violence comes to be accepted as normal and may lead to increased tolerance of aggressive behaviors as well as increased willingness to engage in aggressive acts

Question 8

developmental intergroup theory

Answer 8

a theory that children as young as 4 years of age start to notice perceptually salient group differences and to attach these to stereotypes

Question 9

friendship

Answer 9

an ongoing, positive reciprocal relationship with a chosen companion

Question 10

hostile attribution bias

Answer 10

a tendency to interpret ambiguous situations as hostile

Question 11

imaginary companion

Answer 11

a fantasized character that a child makes up or an object that the child treats as an animate creature

Question 12

inimical relationship

Answer 12

a relationship characterized by conflict, dislike, and aggression in which each person considers the other to be an enemy

Question 13

latency period

Answer 13

a time in middle to late childhood, posited by Freud, when children tend to practice strict segregation of the sexes in terms of preferred playmates and friends

Question 14

mutual antipathy

Answer 14

a pattern found in both bully-victim relationships and inimical relationships in which two children intensely dislike each other

Question 15

neglected child

Answer 15

a child who does not appear to be high on either the like or the dislike scale of an assessment of sociometric status. neglected children are often shy and withdrawn, and they are largely ignored by their peers

Question 16

peer nomination

Answer 16

a process of measuring sociometric status or popularity by asking peers to name other children who they like the most and the least or want to be friends with the most and least. Peer nominations are often asymmetrical

Question 17

popular child

Answer 17

when sociometric status is measured, a child who is nominated as being liked by most children and disliked by few children, often as a result of both appealing physical attributes and social skills. Sociometric popularity contrasts with perceived popularity, which may be more related to perceived dominance and power than to kindness and trustworthiness

Question 18

proactive aggression

Answer 18

aggression that is engaged in against another person without provocation and usually as a way of achieving a goal, such as obtaining material goods or causing intimidation or suffering in a victim

Question 19

reactive aggression

Answer 19

aggression that is engaged in as retaliation for aggression against oneself

Question 20

rejected child

Answer 20

a child who is nominated as being disliked by most children and liked by few children on an assessment of sociometric status. Rejected children ofter interpret ambiguous situations in a hostile way

Question 21

relational aggression

Answer 21

aggression that is intended to damage a social relationship between a victim and other individuals. Gossip, rumor, and ridicule are often the weapons used to damage another person’s reputation and that person’s relationship with others

Question 22

romantic relationship

Answer 22

a mutually recognized voluntary interaction that is seen as more intense than other relationships and that is also distinguished by displays of affection, either with actual sexual behavior or the anticipation of such behavior occurring

Question 23

social comparison

Answer 23

the act of comparing ourselves to another as a way of calibrating our standing in a group or relative to another group. Such comparisons emerge strongly in the elementary school years

Question 24

social information processing

Answer 24

an approach to encoding, interpreting, and responding to social cues that is often used to explain peer group acceptance or rejection

Question 25

sociometric status

Answer 25

a person’s social standing in a group, often computed from a combination of ratings of how much the person is liked and disliked by peers in that group

Question 26

video deficit

Answer 26

the relative inability of younger children to learn as effectively from viewing videos as from watching live demonstrations