Chapter 15 Addiction Flashcards
Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted when
In the early parts of the 20th century and before there was relevant scientific information
Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the
Intestine
Many chronic addicts come to prefer what method for route of drug administration
IV
Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose
IV
Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into the CNS neurons by
The blood brain barrier
The conversion of drugs in the body to no active chemicals often by liver enzymes is referred to as drug
Metabolism
A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called
Drug tolerance
Taking one drug can forensic produce tolerance to other drugs such tolerance is called
Cross tolerance
Drug sensitization is the opposite of
Drug tolerance
_____ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain
Metabolic
Tolerance that occurs because the target becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is
Functional tolerance
Individuals who experience drug withdrawal effects are by definition
Physically dependent
The primary defining feature of addiction is
The inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop
According to the text addict are drug users who
Continue to use a drug despite the drugs adverse effects on their health and social life, despite their efforts to stop
Siegel’ conditioning theory of drug tolerance is based heavily on demonstrations of
The situational specificity of tolerance
Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide it contributes to over five ____ premature deaths per year
Million
Depression anxiety restlessness irritability constipation difficulties sleeping and difficulties in concentration are common ___ withdrawal symptoms
Nicotine
Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack
Tobacco
Which of the following drugs produces buerger’s disesse
Tobacco
Although ____ is classified as a depressant it has stimulant effects at low doses
Alcohol
Withdrawals from which of the following drugs produced the DTs
None of the above (morphine, heroin, cocaine)
Cirrhosis and Korsakoff’s syndrome are two of the consequences of chronic ____ consumption
Alcohol
In the Middle Ages marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to
Make rope
Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop
Marijuana
Evidence indicates that one serious health hazard of marijuana is
Heart attack in people who have previously suffered heart attacks
Drugs that tend to increase neural and behavioral activity are classified as
Stimulants
Which of the following drugs in high doses produces a syndrome of psychotic behavior that is similar to paranoid schizophrenia
Cocaine
During cocaine sprees there is a risk of
Convulsions , respiratory arrest , stroke
Which of the following drugs has effects like those of amphetamine
Cocaine
These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain cough and diarrhea
Opiates
Laudanum , Godfrey’s cordial , dalby’s carminstive , mrs. Winslow soothing syrup and streets infant quietness were all legal medications that contained
Opiates
The Harrison narcotics act which was passed in the us in 1914 unintentionally encouraged the use of
Heroin
The direct health hazard of addiction to ____ are relatively minors they included constitution pupil constriction menstrual irregularity and reduced sex drive
Opiates
The term kicking the habit refers to one of the symptoms of ___ withdrawal
Opiate
In most countries attempts to treat heroin and morphine addiction usually involve the prescription of
Methadone
Which drug is currently an alternative to methadone as a treatment for heroin addiction
Buprenorphine
Which country has taken a novel approach to the problem of heroin addiction an approach that is proving to be an unqualified success
Switzerland
Which paradigm is illustrated here (with the rat in a box)
Intracranial self stimulation
Many of the dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area synapse in the
Ventral horn
The mesotelencephalic dopamine system compromises two pathways
Nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway
Many self stimulation sites
Are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system
Evidence that the nuclear accumbens is involved in drug addiction comes from reports that
Animals will self administer micro injections of addictive drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens
Many addicts who are motivated to kick their habit manage to stop taking their drug but they often
Relapse
The anticipated pleasure associated with an action is its ____ whereas the actual pleasure experience is its ____
Positive incentive value , hedonic value
According to the incentive sensitization theory of drug addiction as an addict habitually consumes the drug the
Positive incentive value of taking the drug increases
Recent research suggests that dopamine releases in the nucleus accumbens is more related to the ___ than to ____
Wanting , liking
