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Physio Psych Final (Chapters) > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Exogenous substances

A

—from outside the body—

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2
Q

• Neurons process and transmit information through

A

electrical and chemical signals

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3
Q

• The presynaptic neuron releases an ____________

(internal) substance—

A

endogenous, a neurotransmitter.

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4
Q

•Routes of Administration

A

–Ingestion
–Injection
–Inhalation
–Absorption

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5
Q

Pharmacological

A

Pertaining to the scientific study of drugs

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6
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system

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7
Q

Drug Metabolism

A

The conversion of a drug from its active form to a nonactive form

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8
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

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9
Q

Cross Tolerance

A

Tolerance to the effects of one drug that develops as the result of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism

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10
Q

Drug Sensitization

A

An increase in the sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

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11
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

Tolerance that results from a reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action

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12
Q

Functional Tolerance

A

Tolerance resulting from a reduction in the reactivity of the nervous system (or other sites of action) to a drug.

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13
Q

Withdrawal Syndrome

A

The illness brought on by the elimination from the body of a drug on which the person is physically dependent

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14
Q

Physically Dependent

A

Being in a state in which the discontinuation of drug taking will induce withdrawal reactions

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15
Q

Drug Addicts

A

Those habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.

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16
Q

Contingent Drug Tolerance

A

Drug tolerance that develops as a reac-tion to the experience of the effects of drugs rather than to drug exposure alone.

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17
Q

Before-and-after Design

A

The experimental design used to demonstrate contingent drug tolerance; the experimental group receives the drug before each of a series of behavioral tests and the control group receives the drug after each test.

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18
Q

Conditional Drug Tolerance

A

Tolerance effects that are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the situation in which it has previously been administered.

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19
Q

Conditional Compensatory Responses

A

Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects.

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20
Q

Exteroceptive Stimuli

A

Stimuli that arise from outside the body

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21
Q

Interoceptive Stimuli

A

Stimuli that arise from inside the body

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22
Q

Nicotine

A

The major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

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23
Q

Drug Craving

A

An affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug

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24
Q

Smoker’s Syndrome

A

The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers.

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25
Q

Buerger’s Disease

A

Buerger’s disease. A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream, the ultimate result being gangrene and amputation.

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26
Q

Teratogen

A

A drug or other chemical that causes birth defects

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27
Q

Depressant

A

A drug that depresses the neural activity

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28
Q

Delirium Tremens (DT)

A

The phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by hallucinations, delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and tachycardia.

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29
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss.

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30
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring, typically of the liver

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31
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A syndrome produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and characterized by brain damage, mental retardation, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity.

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32
Q

Cannabis Sativa

A

The common hemp plant, which is the source of marijuana

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33
Q

THC

A

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana

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34
Q

Hashish

A

Dark corklike material extracted from the resin on the leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa

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35
Q

Narcotic

A

A legal category of drugs, mostly opiates

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36
Q

Anandamide

A

1st endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized

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37
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity

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38
Q

Cocaine

A

A potent catecholamine agonist and stimulant that is highly addictive

39
Q

Crack

A

A potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine

40
Q

Cocaine Psychosis

A

Psychotic behavior observed during a cocaine spree, similar in many respects to paranoid schizophrenia

41
Q

Amphetamine

A

A stimulant drug whose effects are similar to those of cocaine

42
Q

Empathogens

A

Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron.

43
Q

Opium

A

The sap that extends from the seed pods of the opium poppy

44
Q

Morphine

A

A relatively weak psychoactive ingredient of opium

45
Q

Opiates

A

Morphine, codeine, heroin, and other chemicals with similar structures or effects

46
Q

Analgesics

A

Drugs that reduce pain

47
Q

Harrison Narcotics Act

A

The act, passed in 1914, that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the United States

48
Q

Heroin

A

A powerful semisynthetic opiate

49
Q

Physical-Dependence Theories of Addiction

A

Theories holding that the main factor that motivates drug addicts to keep taking drugs is the prevention or termination of withdrawal symptoms.

50
Q

Detoxified Addicts

A

Addicts who have none of the drug to which they are addicted in their body and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms.

51
Q

Postive-Incentive Theories of Addiction

A

Theories holding that the primary factor in most cases of addiction is a craving for the pleasure-producing properties of drugs.

52
Q

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS)

A

The repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain sites in the animal’s brain.

53
Q

Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System

A

The ascending projections of dopamine-releasing neurons from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the mesencephalon (midbrain) into various regions of the telencephalon.

54
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system and degenerates in cases of Parkinson’s disease.

55
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

The midbrain nucleus of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that is a major source of the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

56
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Nucleus of the ventral striatum and a major terminal of the mesocorticolimbic

57
Q

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway

A

The component of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that has cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area which project to various cortical and limbic sites

58
Q

Drug Self-Administration Paradigm

A

A test of the addictive potential of drugs in which laboratory animals can inject drugs into them-selves by pressing a lever.

59
Q

Conditional Place-Preference Paradigm

A

A test that assesses a laboratory animal’s preference for environments in which it has previously experienced drug effects.

60
Q

Relapse

A

To return to a diseased state after a period of improvement (e.g., to return to addictive drug after a period of voluntary abstinence)

61
Q

Anhedonia

A

A general inability to experience pleasure

62
Q

Positive-Incentive Value

A

The anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug

63
Q

Hedonic Value

A

The amount of pleasure produced by an action

64
Q

Incentive-Sensitization Theory

A

Theory that addictions develop when drug use sensitizes the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug—not necessarily liking for the drug.

65
Q

Drug Priming

A

A single exposure to a formerly abused drug

66
Q

what are the 2 classes of endogenous opioid neurotransmitters?

A

endorphins and enkephalins

67
Q

what glial cell creates the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

68
Q

which area of the brain is blood barrier weak?

A

area prostema

- a region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak; allows entry of toxic substances that induce vomiting

69
Q

dose-response curve

A

The principle that the effect of a certain drug depends on the dose or concentration of that drug.
- after a certain point, increasing the dose does not increase effects

70
Q

therapeutic index

A

the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

  • margin of safety
  • effectiveness
71
Q

what are the two types of tolerance?

A

metabolic tolerance:
- organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug

functional tolerance:

  • target tissue (site of action) may show altered sensitivity to the drug
  • more common
72
Q

does tolerance affect every drug reaction?

A

no; it can be for only some effects

- e.g. sedation but not depressed breathing

73
Q

drugs can impact: (8)

A
  • Synthesis
  • Storage
  • Release
  • Postsynaptic receptors
  • Inactivation
  • Reuptake
  • Degradation
  • Presynaptic receptors
74
Q

Agonist

A

enhance the effect of a neurotransmitter

e. g.:
- stimulate release of NT
- stimulate postsynaptic receptors
- block auto-receptors
- block reuptake

75
Q

Antagonist

A

inhibits the effect of a neurotransmitter

e. g.:
- block postsynaptic receptors
- stimulate auto-receptors
- inhibit release of NT
- prevent storage of NT in vesicle

76
Q

alcohol neurological effects

A

GABA agonist: increases the activity of the GABA receptor causing the brain to be inhibited resulting in diminished arousal

parts of the brain that stop inappropriate behavior are also diminished which is why behavior seems to be less inhibited

also increases levels of dopamine

77
Q

alcohol physiological effects

A

physiological effects

  • Dilates blood vessels in the skin (skin turns pink and feels warm)
  • Inhibits antidiuretic hormones (loss of body water through increased urination)
78
Q

alcohol behavioral effects

A
  • slow reaction time

- decreased hand-eye coordination

79
Q

what does alcohol depress?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system (breathing and heartbeat)

- REM sleep

80
Q

Opiate neurological effects

A

Endorphin agonist: Binds to opioid receptors and releases endorphins

  • stimulates the ventral tegmental area
  • very addicting
81
Q

Opiates physiological effects

A
  • small pupils
  • lower coordination of digestive activity (slow digestion, constipation)
  • reduces sex drive/hormones
82
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

stimulates amygdala for pleasure and reward center

83
Q

Opiates behavioral effects

A
  • relieves pain (analgesic)

- euphoria

84
Q

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms

A
  • headaches
  • vomiting
  • hallucinations
  • tremors
  • convulsions/seizures
85
Q

nicotine neurological effects

A
  • releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

- acetylcholine agonist (arousal and cognitive enhancement)

86
Q

nicotine behavioral effects

A
  • muscle tremors

- bad reflexes

87
Q

Nicotine withdrawal

A
  • anxiety
  • insomnia
  • sudden decrease in dopamine in NA; can be related to relapse due to cravings
88
Q

which neurotransmitter plays a big role in drugs?

A

dopamine

- in rewarding effects of addictive drugs and natural reinforcers.

89
Q

incubation of drug craving

A

cues presented soon after drug withdrawal are less likely to elicit craving and relapse than cues presented later

90
Q

Reuptake

A

process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

91
Q

THC neurological effects

A
  • THC has a stimulating effect on dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
  • binds to the endogenous CB1 cannabinoid receptor
92
Q

THC psychological effects

A

Depressant:

  • disinhibition
  • euphoria

Hallucinogenic:

  • amplifies sensitivity to colours, sounds, tastes, smells
  • also impairs perceptual skills, motor skills and reaction time
93
Q

drug self-administration paradigm

A

A test of the addictive potential of drugs in which laboratory animals can inject drugs into themselves by pressing a lever.

Physio Psych Final (Chapters) (3 decks)

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